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      Keynesian Economics

      Keynesian economics is a theory of total spending in the economy (aggregate demand) and of its effects on output and inflation.

      Six principal tenets:

      1. A Keynesian believes that AD is influenced by a host of economic decisions – both public and private – and sometimes behaves erratically.

      2. Changes in AD, whether anticipated or unanticipated, have their greatest short-run impact on real output and employment, not on prices.

      3. Keynesians believe that

      prices and especially

      wages respond slowly

      to changes in supply

      and demand,

      resulting in

      shortages and

      surpluses,

      especially

      of labor.

      4. Keynesians

      don’t think that the

      typical level of

      unemployment is

      ideal – partly because

      unemployment is

      subject to the caprice of

      AD, and partly because they believe that prices adjust only gradually.

      5. Believe in an activist stabilization policy to reduce the amplitude of the business cycle, which they rank among the most important of all economic problems.

      6. Keynesians are more concerned about combating unemployment than about conquering inflation.

      Monetarist

      First monetarist proposition: sustained money growth in excess of the growth of output produces inflation.

      To end inflation or produce deflation, money growth must fall below the growth of output.

      Second monetarist proposition: when inflation is expected to be high, interest rates on the open market is high and foreign-exchange value of a currency falls relative to more stable currencies.

      Keynesians vs. Monetarists

      Keynesian tradition

      Government has the responsibility for stabilizing an

      unruly economy.

      Developed the notion of a fiscal/monetary mix

      to control spending and the balance of payments simultaneously.

      Monetarist tradition

      Stable policy rules that reduce variability and uncertainty for private decision makers.

      Government serves the economy best by enhancing stability and acting

      predictably, not by trying to engineer

      carefully-timed changes in policy actions

      (which is frequently destabilizing . . . doing the opposite of what they were supposed to do).

      Neoclassical Model

      The Neoclassical Model (NCM) uses the principles of economic analysis to understand how output (GDP) is determined.

      In the NCM view, supply and demand result from economically rational households and firms.