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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-79204-8
Cover image: Pixabay.com Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 12pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
List of Illustrations
1 Figure 1.1 Simple description of 3D MOF chemistry.
2 Figure 1.2 Some examples of metal nodes, organic linkers, and MOFs (definition of atom types: blue: metal; red: oxygen; purple: nitrogen; gray: carbon; and green: chlorine).
3 Figure 1.3 Some examples of MOFs synthesis methods.
4 Figure 2.1 Simple language to understand concept of complexity.
5 Figure 2.2 Overview of this book based on the effective factors in the construction MOFs with heterogeneous structures.
6 Figure 2.3 Classification of complexity key factors in MOFs (further details in text).
7 Figure 2.4 A cost-effective mixed-metal mixed-ligand MOF, which exhibits highly efficient photocatalytic H2 generation.
8 Figure 2.5 Defective linker concept for defect-engineered MOFs.
9 Figure 3.1 A photocatalyst MOF with three different ditopic linkers.
10 Figure 3.2 Structural analyses of a MOF-based photocatalyst with three different ditopic linkers. (a) Percent of BPDC-(HN2)2 incorporation in ReMOF-NH2 (X%). (b) PXRD patterns: Re-MOF, Re-MOF-NH2 (33%), Re-MOF-NH2 (80%) and Re-MOF simulated pattern. (c) SEM images: Re-MOF-NH2 (33%) and Re-MOF-NH2 (80%). (d) N2 adsorption isotherms: Re-MOF, Re-MOF-NH2 (33%) and Re-MOF-NH2 (80%). (e) IR spectra: Re-MOF, Re-MOF-NH2 (33%) and Re-MOF-NH2 (80%).
11 Figure 3.3 (a) Copper-phosphonate CBU polyhedral. Octahedral Cu1 and square pyramidal Cu2: dark blue and light blue, respectively. PO3C tetrahedral: green. (b) The original structure of the considered isoreticular MOF.
12 Figure 3.4 Schematic representations of the happened processes in MOF with increased porosity. (a and b) Organic linker installation and linker labilization, respectively. (c) The produced hierarchically porous MOF through linker labilization (top). UV-vis analysis of linker exchange process. (a) Concentration of AZDC in supernatant as a function of incubation time in CBAB solutions with different concentrations. (b) Relationship between CBAB exchanged/CBAB added, exchange ratio, and CBAB molarity. (c) PCN-160 crystals images with various exchange ratios.
13 Figure 3.5 Schematic representations of construction mechanism. (a) Formed micropores, (b and c) small and large mesopores, and (d) pores size distribution of the considered MOF (PCN-160-34%) in the presence of acid in different amounts. (Top) (a) Representation of one kind of MOF in the presence of enzyme. (b) relative activity of the considered MOFs in the oxidative reaction of ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) and o-PDA (o-phenylenediamine).
14 Figure 3.6 One kind of mixed-valence RuII/III MOF with mixed-linker.
15 Figure 3.7 Olefin hydrogenation mechanism.
16 Figure 3.8 Zeolite-like MOFs based on mixed linkers.
17 Figure 3.9 A mixed-ligand MOF with two ligands BTC (benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) and BTRE (1,2-bis(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-ethane).
18 Figure 3.10 Stepwise preparation of {[Cu4(CDC)4(4,4′-bipy)(H2O)2]3}n·xS. Copper: aqua; oxygen: red; nitrogen: blue; carbon; black. Hydrogen atoms have not been shown (top). Synthesis of the isostructural porphyrinic MOFs and obtained crystals photographs (bottom).
19 Figure 3.11 ADES-1: (a) coordination environment around Zn(II); (b) and (c) [Zn2(COO)2] SBU in 1D metal-carboxylate chain and double lined 2D network, respectively; (d) ABAB manner interlayer with lattice H2O.
20 Figure 3.12 ADES-2: (a) coordination environment around Cd(II); (b) and (c) [Cd2(COO)2] SBU in 1D metal-carboxylate chain and double lined 2D network, respectively; (d) Offset stacked 2D layers with the lattice H2O and π···π stacked L.
21 Figure 3.13 Direct synthesis mixed-ligands MOF film, RuB-RuTB-UiO-67/TiO2/FTO through solvothermal method.
22 Figure 4.1 Some of the tritopic linkers.
23 Figure 4.2 The symmetry in organic linker. Tetratopic linkers with (a) symmetry C2h and (b) symmetry Cs.
24 Figure 4.3 Some of the tetratopic linkers.
25 Figure 4.4 A mixed-ligand MOF with tetratopic organic linkers.
26 Figure 4.5 Some of the multi-topic linkers.
27 Figure 4.6 A kind of MOF with multi-hetero topic organic linker.
28 Figure 4.7 (a) Cu(II) Coordination environment. Symmetric nodes: (i) y, 1 - x, 1 - z; (ii) y, x, 1 – z; (iii) 1 - y, x, 1 – z; (iv) 1 – x, y, z; (v) x, 1 – y, z; (vi) -x, 1 – y, z; (vii) -x, y, z; (viii) y, x, -z; (ix) -y, x, -z; (x) y, -x, -z. (b) Distorted truncated octahedron cage: (trinuclear + tetranuclear) SBUs. (c) Illustration of three dimensional porous framework in the considered MOF.
29 Figure 5.1 Two synthesis strategies to create MM′-MOFs.
30 Figure 5.2