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Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Chris BinnsЧитать онлайн книгу.

Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology - Chris Binns


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10 ms−1. Use the equation in Advanced Reading Box 2.1 to calculate the maximum distance downwind of the volcano at which 1 mm diameter particles and 50 μm diameter particles are deposited. What size of particle can be expected to be deposited over the entire globe?

      2 2 The table and graph below show the aerosol concentration in mg/m3 as a function of particle diameter measured in a typical urban environment. Assuming the average density of the material in the particles is 2000 kg/m3, convert the data to show the number of particles per cubic meter as a function of particle diameter.Particle diameter (μm)Mass per unit volume (mg/m3)0.011.00E−050.028.00E−040.030.0050.040.0070.050.0080.060.010.070.0110.080.0120.090.0140.10.0160.20.0290.30.0370.40.0470.50.0590.60.0650.70.0680.80.0690.90.06910.06820.0630.0540.06550.07860.08670.09180.09590.098100.1200.091300.072400.055500.04

      3 3 Derive Equation (2.4) in Advanced Reading Box 2.2 by considering the change in the energy of the surface tension of a liquid drop of radius r due to the shrinkage resulting from the evaporation of a single molecule of volume v.

      4 4 Describe how phytoplankton produces an important feedback mechanism that helps to reduce global warming.

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      3 3 Seinfeld, J.J. and Pandis, S.N. (1997). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change. New York: Wiley.

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      7 7 Renwick, L.C., Donaldson, K., and Clouter, A. (2001). Impairment of alveolar macrophage phagocytosis by ultrafine particles. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 172: 119–127.

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      9 9 Miller, M.R., Raftis, J.B., Langrish, J.P. et al. (2017). Inhaled nanoparticles accumulate at sites of vascular disease. ACS Nano 11: 4542–4552. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b0855.

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      11 11 Szentkuti, L. (1997). Light microscopical observations on luminally administered dyes, dextrans, nanospheres and microspheres in the pre‐epithelial mucus gel layer of the rat distal colon. Journal of Controlled Release 46: 233–242.

      12 12 Zvyagin, A.V., Zhao, X., Gierden, A. et al. (2008). Imaging of zinc oxide nanoparticle penetration in human skin in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Biomedical Optics 13: 064031.

      13 13 Kreilgaard, M. (2002). Influence of microemulsions on cutaneous drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54: S77–S98.

      14 14 Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2008/50/oj.

      15 15 Walton, A.J. (1983). Three Phases of Matter. Oxford: Clarendon Chapter 13.

      16 16 Fan, J., Rosenfeld, D., Zhang, Y. et al. (2018). Substantial convection and precipitation enhancements by ultrafine aerosol particles. Science 359: 411–418.

      17 17 Clarke, A., Kapustin, V., Howell, S. et al. (2003). Sea‐salt size distributions from breaking waves. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 20: 1362–1374.

      18 18 O'Dowd, C., Facchini, M.C., Cavalli, F. et al. (2004). Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol. Nature 431: 676–680.

      19 19 Creamean, J.M., Cross, J.N., Pickart, R. et al. (2019). Ice nucleating particles carried from below a phytoplankton bloom to the arctic atmosphere. Geophysical Research Letters 46: 8572–8581. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083039.

      20 20 Donarummo, J. Jr., Ram, M., and Stolz, M.R. (2002). Sun/dust correlations and volcanic interference. Geophysical Research Letters 29: 75‐1–75‐4.

      21 21 Clement, D., Mutschke, H., Klein, R., and Henning, T. (2003). New laboratory spectra of isolated ‐SiC nanoparticles: comparison with spectra taken by the Infrared Space Observatory. Astrophysical Journal 594: 642–650.

      22 22 Postberg, F., Kempf, S., Srama, R. et al. (2006). Composition of Jovian dust stream particles. Icarus 183: 122–134.

      23 23 Bentley, M., Schmied, R., Mannel, T. et al. (2016). Aggregate dust particles at comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Nature 537: 73–75. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19091.

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      25 25 Yirsaw, B.D., Megharaj, M., Chen, Z., and Naidu, R. (2016). Environmental application and ecological significance of nano‐zero valent iron. Journal of Environmental Sciences 44: 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.07.016.

      26 26 Wang, C.B. and Zhang, W.X. (1997). Synthesising nanoscale iron particles for rapid and complete dichlorination of TCE and PCBs. Environmental Science and Technology 31: 2154–2156.

      27 27 Crane, R.A. and Scott, T.B. (2012). Nanoscale zero‐valent iron: future prospects for an emerging water treatment technology. Journal of Hazardous Materials 211–212: 112–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.073.

      28 28 Jabeen, H., Kemp, K.C., and Chandra, V. (2013). Synthesis of nano zerovalent iron nanoparticles – graphene composite for the treatment of lead contaminated water. Journal of Environmental Management 130: 429–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.022.

      29 29 Celik, G., Kennedy, R.M., Hackler, R.A. et al. (2019). Upcycling single‐use polyethylene into high‐quality liquid products. ACS Central Science 5: 1795–1803. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.9b00722.

      30 30 Hedayati, A., Barnett, C.J., Swan, G., and White, A.O. (2019). Chemical recycling of consumer‐grade black plastic into electrically conductive carbon nanotubes. Journal of Carbon Research 5: 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/c5020032.

      31 31 Luong, D.X., Bets, K.V., Algozeeb, W.A. et al. (2020). Gram‐scale bottom‐up flash graphene synthesis. Nature 577: 647–651. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586‐020‐1938‐0.


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