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Ibid.
3 3 Ibid.
4 4 Staff, “Podcast Statistics (2021) – [Infographic],” Music MPH, https://musicoomph.com/podcast-statistics.
5 5 Ibid.
6 6 Pew Research Center, “Audio and Podcasting Fact Sheet,” July 9, 2019, https://www.journalism.org/fact-sheet/audio-and-podcasting.
7 7 Matt Taibbi and Katie Halper, Useful Idiots, Rolling Stone, Apple, January 2021, https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/useful-idiots-with-matt-taibbi-and-katie-halper/id1476110521; Staff, The Jimmy Dore Show, YouTube, January 2021, https://www.youtube.com/user/TYTComedy.
8 8 Jeffrey Gottfried and Elisa Shearer, “Americans’ Online News Use Is Closing in on TV News Use,” Pew Research Center, September 7, 2017, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/07/americans-online-news-use-vs-tv-news-use; Staff, “State of the News Media 2015,” Pew Research Center, April 29, 2015, https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/30142603/state-of-the-news-media-report-2015-final.pdf.
9 9 Gottfried and Shearer, “Americans’ Online News Use”.
10 10 Elisa Shearer, “Social Media Outpaces Print Newspapers in the US as a News Source,” Pew Research Center, December 10, 2018, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/12/10/social-media-outpaces-print-newspapers-in-the-u-s-as-a-news-source.
11 11 Galen Stocking, Patrick Van Kessel, Michael Barthel, Katerina Eva Matsa, and Maya Khuzam, “Many Americans Get News on YouTube, Where News Organizations and Independent Producers Thrive Side by Side,” Pew Research Center, September 28, 2020, https://www.journalism.org/2020/09/28/many-americans-get-news-on-youtube-where-news-organizations-and-independent-producers-thrive-side-by-side.
12 12 Gottfried and Shearer, “Americans’ Online News Use”.
13 13 Daniel M. Haygood, “A Status Report on Podcast Advertising,” Journal of Advertising Research 47.4 (2007): 518–522, here p. 518.
14 14 Gardner Campbell, “Podcasting in Education,” Educause Review 40.6 (2005): 32–47; Stephen M. Walls, John V. Kucsera, Joshua D. Walker, Taylor W. Acee, Nate K. McVaugh, and Daniel H. Robinson, “Podcasting in Education: Are Students as Ready and Eager as We Think They Are?” Computers & Education 54.2 (2010): 371–378; Sohrab Najafipour, Sedigheh Najafipour, and Rahim Raoofi, “The Role of Podcasting in Education,” Interdisciplinary Journal of Virtual Learning in Medical Sciences 2.1 (2020): 34–40.
15 15 Susan Douglas, Inventing American Broadcasting: 1899–1922 (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1987); Michelle Hilmes, Radio Voices: American Broadcasting, 1922–1952 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).
16 16 Gretchen King, “History of Struggle: The Global Story of Community Broadcasting Practices, or a Brief History of Community Radio,” Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture 12.2 (2017): 18–36, here p. 21. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16997/wpcc.227.
17 17 Ibid. p. 22.
18 18 Ibid. p. 23.
19 19 Ibid., p. 25.
20 20 Ibid.
21 21 Ibid. pp. 26–27.
22 22 Ibid., p. 29.
23 23 Tiziano Bonini, “Twitter or Radio Revolutions? The Central Role of Açık Radyo in the Gezi Protests of 2013,” Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture 12.2 (2017): 1–17, here p. 1. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16997/wpcc.232.
24 24 Andrew J. Bottomley, Sound Streams: A Cultural History of Radio–Internet Convergence (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2020).
25 25 Ibid., pp. 102–103.
26 26 Ibid.
27 27 Markus Lundström and Tomas Poletti Lundström, “Podcast Ethnography,” International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 24.3 (2020): 1–11; Reza Lotfian and Carlos Busso, “Building Naturalistic Emotionally Balanced Speech Corpus by Retrieving Emotional Speech from Existing Podcast Recordings,” IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing (2017): 1–14; Dario Llinares, Neil Fox, and Richard Berry, eds., Podcasting: New Aural Cultures and Digital Media (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018); Martin Spinelli and Lance Dann, Podcasting: The Audio Media Revolution (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2019).
28 28 Ibid; Stuart Hall, Dorothy Hobson, Andrew Lowe, and Paul Willis, eds., Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972–79 (New York: Routledge, 2003).
29 29 Chantal J. Zabus, The African Palimpsest: Indigenization of Language in the West African Europhone Novel (New York: Rodopi, 2007), p. 2.
30 30