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Geology and Mineralogy of Gemstones. David Turner R.Читать онлайн книгу.

Geology and Mineralogy of Gemstones - David Turner R.


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alt="Schematic illustration of map and aerial view of the San Andreas Fault that cuts across the Carrizo Plain."/> Schematic illustration of thickness contour map of the of the Earth's crust, developed from the CRUST 5.1 model with a contour interval of 10 km with greater detail on the continents above 45 km thickness.

Schematic illustration of simple and generalized classification diagram for igneous rocks, based on dominant rock forming mineral composition. Schematic illustration of simple and generalized classification diagram for sedimentary rocks. First order classification is carried out on texture, and then on grain sizes and compositions of the material. Schematic illustration of simple diagram for metamorphic rocks based on changing temperature (T) and pressure (P) conditions as a function of depth.

      Sedimentary rocks form by several processes generally tied to physical erosion, transport and redeposition, chemical precipitation, or biological precipitation. Physical erosion and weathering of an existing rock can form a clastic sedimentary rock, such as a sandstone, siltstone, or mudstone. These rocks are composed of the fragments and grains of the rock(s) that were being eroded to form the sediment. Chemical precipitation at the Earth’s surface can occur when a body of water such as a lake or inland sea undergoes sufficient evaporation to form layers of evaporitic minerals, such as salt. Biological precipitation of minerals includes the production of coral reefs, sediments composed of shells, and deposition of plant material in swamps to form coal.

      The unconsolidated sediments themselves are transformed into rocks via a process called diagenesis or lithification, which physically and chemically cements the sedimentary grains together. Like metamorphism, this process involves heat, pressure, and percolating fluids but not to such a degree that the rock’s mineralogy or structure is drastically transformed.

Schematic illustration of simple diagram for metamorphic rock descriptions based primarily on texture. Schematic illustration of the Rock Cycle illustrates some of the most common pathways or process that geological materials are subjected to.
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