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Advanced Textbook 4
Geology and Mineralogy of Gemstones
David Turner
The University of British Columbia, Canada
Lee A. Groat
The University of British Columbia, Canada
This Work is a copublication of the American Geophysical Union and John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
This edition first published 2022
© 2022 American Geophysical Union
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Turner, David, 1981– author. | Groat, Lee Andrew, 1959– author.
Title: Geology and mineralogy of gemstones / David Turner, Lee A. Groat.
Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley ; Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union, 2021. | Series: AGU advanced textbooks | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020027427 (print) | LCCN 2020027428 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119299851 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119299882 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119299875 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Precious stones.
Classification: LCC QE392 .G76 2021 (print) | LCC QE392 (ebook) | DDC 553.8–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020027427 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020027428
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: Cobalt‐blue spinel from southwestern Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada; © Lee A. Groat
Preface
Earth Science departments at universities across North America are diversifying their academic offerings for entry level science courses. Among topics that are catching on are the mineralogy and geology of gem materials. This textbook aims to support these courses. At the same time, the geological settings that give rise to gemstone deposits are as unique and fascinating as those for precious and base metal deposits. Gemstones also have captivating connections to our cultural history, from the well‐celebrated diamond deposits of South Africa to the lesser known occurrences of semiprecious gemstones that are dotted across every continent. The interdisciplinary aspect of gemstone deposits provides wonderful natural laboratories to better understand the Earth's processes and how human civilization has exploited the Earth's natural resources for its beautiful treasures. However, with this comes a need to consider the economic, political, social, environmental, health, and ethical impacts of extracting precious stones whether by large‐scale, small‐scale artisanal, or illegal mining operations. Earth's human population continues to grow and urbanize, and to increase its consumption of nonrenewable resources such as gemstones, so the human, environmental, and ethical implications of these practices are more important now than ever.
This book is designed for undergraduate learners and satisfies the needs of both lower level introductory courses and upper level geoscience curricula. It is intended to include basic concepts of geology in the context of a low‐to‐mid level understanding of gem deposits. It also includes some fundamentals of mineralogy in order to put the understanding of physical properties of gems in context.
It is not intended as a replacement for an “Introduction to Mineralogy” textbook, but does include sections of sufficient depth of knowledge for an upper level “Mineralogy and Geology of Gemstones” course. It is also not intended to replace a “Determinative Gemology” reference book, but briefly covers common tools and the properties they measure/exploit. The references at the end of each chapter should also allow students and instructors to easily access the original “raw” scientific information for further study, either for personal interest, as stepping stones for semester capstone projects, or for inspiration to undertake scientific research into the geological world of gemstone deposits.
The book is divided into two parts. Part I contains content focused on developing base mineralogical and geological knowledge while Part II provides details of the gemstones themselves and their geological settings. Lower‐level learners can focus on introductory material (and be exposed to greater details) while upper‐level learners can jump into the greater details of subsequent chapters (and also be able to fall back on more basic knowledge). Midlevel or keen lower‐level learners should be able to make use of the entire book to scaffold their learning. Topics include the geological settings of diamond and the big three colored gemstones (emerald, ruby, sapphire) as well as a collection of other gemstones