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Renewable Energy for Sustainable Growth Assessment. Группа авторовЧитать онлайн книгу.

Renewable Energy for Sustainable Growth Assessment - Группа авторов


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due to cooking scarcity and a higher energy insecurity rate in larger nations [18]. The change in cost is low for all fossil fuels, but the corresponding price elasticity is high for consumption. Accordingly, the rise in the general price level triggered by the reform of subsidies would reduce actual earnings and have similar healthcare consequences in India [19]. Amrutha et al. [20] reported that Feed-in Tariff (FIT) and Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) schemes efficiently operated in India would provide renewable energy utilities with possibilities to benefit from cheaper rates [20].

      Environmental impacts are of primary importance during biomass conversion [21]. In the current status, biomass could be efficiently converted by physical and chemical processes into solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. Release of gases and aerosols on biomass combustion into the atmosphere influences the quality of regional climate, visibility, global ozone composition, biogeochemical cycles, and the earth’s radiative expenditure [22]. One of the best ways to prevent environmental pollution is effective biomass conversion into renewable power generation. The energy products like biogas produced from various biomass waste are viz., tannery waste [23]; fish industrial processing waste and fish crude oil waste [24]; cattle slaughterhouse waste [25], biodiesel production from wet sewage sludge with 85% water content [26] and bioethanol conversion from paddy straw and food waste [27]; Spirulina and molasses [28] are the practical solution for control of environmental impact.

      3.3.1 Biomass and Its Various Sources for Energy Conversion

A bar graph depicts the global renewable energy production and consumption in 2020.

       3.3.1.1 Sugar and Starch-Based Biomass (First-Generation - 1G)

       3.3.1.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass (Second-Generation - 2G)

Schematic illustration of the sustainable renewable energy production from various biomass resources in states of India in 2020. Schematic illustration of the biomass utilization in India (2019-20) for production of second-generation ethanol.
Types of biomass Biomass Process of conversion Biofuel products Reactor/fermentation process Reference
Sugar and starch-based biomass (first-generation - 1G) cassava bagasse from the cassava starch industry with steep corn liquor Dilute acid pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis (glucoamylases and cellulases) n-butanol fibrous-bed bioreactor [32]
Sweet potato with dairy cattle manure Anaerobic co-digestion Biogas Semi-continuous digesters [34]
sugarcane molasses Anaerobic fermentation by Bacillus species (mesophilic condition) Biofuel (ethanol, butyric acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid) - [35]
Lignocellulosic biomass (Second generation - 2G) Paddy straw supplemented with fruit waste
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