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6.12 Fundamental types of low dimensional quantum nanostructures.Figure 6.13 Basic types of quantum wells and their illustration.Figure 6.14 Density of states in the conduction band of each semiconductor q...Figure 6.15 Illustration of absorption spectra of two‐dimensional systems (a...Figure 6.16 Photoluminescence emission wavelength versus quantum well size [...Figure 6.17 Unit cell of perovskite structure where the closed circle is div...Figure 6.18 Structures based on [PbX6]4− octahedra.Figure 6.19 Illustration of the temperature‐gradient crystallization method....Figure 6.20 Poor solvent diffusion method.Figure 6.21 Illustration of the inorganic structure without structural disto...Figure 6.22 Bonding diagram of [PbI6]4− cluster (a), and 3D and 2D crystal a...Figure 6.23 Calculation of band structure of (n‐C4H9NH3)2PbI4 (a) without st...Figure 6.24 Relative quantum efficiency and relative scintillation light yie...Figure 6.25 137Cs induced pulse height spectra of PhePbBr4 and Gd2SiO5:Ce.※P...Figure 6.26 Correlation between the peak intensity of excitonic emission fro...Figure 6.27 Scintillation decay time profile of (n‐C3H7NH3)2PbBr4 [14]....Figure 6.28 Afterglow profiles of PhePbBr4 and Gd2SiO5:Ce.※PhePbBr4 ((C6H5C2...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Glow curve from the Randall–Wilkins first‐order model equation.Figure 7.2 Scanning heating system with CO2 laser and PMT [21].Figure 7.3 2‐D TSL readout system with CCD camera and heater [22].Figure 7.4 The processes of storing radiation energy and releasing stored ra...Figure 7.5 Glow curve of CaSO4:Tm (heating rate: 0.2 °C·s−1)....Figure 7.6 The processes of storing radiation energy and releasing stored ra...Figure 7.7 Glow curve for each model.Figure 7.8 Change in glow curve according to n 0.Figure 7.9 Change in glow curve according to E.Figure 7.10 Change in glow curve according to s.Figure 7.11 Change in glow curve according to b.Figure 7.12 Glow curve measurement system and schematic diagram [23].Figure 7.13 Crystal structure of LiF [24].Figure 7.14 Typical glow curve of LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD‐100) irradiated with 100 Gy...Figure 7.15 TSL emission spectrum of LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD‐100) during heating afte...Figure 7.16 Glow curves of LiF:Mg,Ti and LiF:Mg,Cu,P (heating rate 2 °C s−1,...Figure 7.17 Crystal lattice of CaF2:Mn (a) before and (b) after irradiation ...Figure 7.18 Typical glow curve of CaF2:Mn (TLD‐400) at a dose of 3.85 Gy and...Figure 7.19 TSL emission spectrum of CaF2:Mn (TLD‐400) at 320 °C [30]....Figure 7.20 A typical TL glow‐curve of CaF2:Dy (TLD‐200) [32].Figure 7.21 TSL emission spectrum of CaF2:Dy (TLD‐200) at 150°C [30]....Figure 7.22 Typical CaF2:Tm (TLD‐300) glow curve [33].Figure 7.23 TSL emission spectrum of CaF2:Tm (TLD‐300) at 140 °C [30]....Figure 7.24 (a) Isometric plot of emission intensity versus temperature and ...Figure 7.25 Glow curves of undoped and Cr‐doped Al2O3 [23].Figure 7.26 TSL emission spectra of 0.05 w% Cr‐doped Al2O3 during heating [2...Figure 7.27 Glow curve of BeO (Thelmalox™ 995) irradiated with 1 Gy from a 1...Figure 7.28 TSL emission spectra of BeO (Thelmalox 995) irradiated with 10 G...Figure 7.29 Glow curves of CaSO4:RE (Tm, Dy, Sm and Tb) for a heating rate o...Figure 7.30 Typical examples of theoretical glow curve fitting for the posit...Figure 7.31 TSL emission spectra of CaSO4 with and without RE dopants: (a) u...Figure 7.32 Glow curve of Li2B4O7:Mn irradiated with 1 Gy of 137Csγ‐ra...Figure 7.33 TSL emission spectra of Li2B4O7 with and without RE dopants afte...Figure 7.34 Glow curves of MgB4O7:Dy, MgB4O7:Tm and MgB4O7:Mn after 1 Gy of ...Figure 7.35 TSL emission spectra of MgB4O7:Dy irradiated with 5 Gy of 137Cs...Figure 7.36 TSL dosimeter forms, including disks, rods, chips (top row, from...Figure 7.37 Relative photon energy response of LiF (Zeff = 8.14), CaF2 (Zeff...Figure 7.38 Relative efficiencies of TSLD‐BeO:Na (UD‐170A) (○), ...Figure 7.39 Glow curves LET dependence of 7LiF:Mg, Ti (TLD‐700) with 1 mGy o...Figure 7.40 TSL foils made from LiF:Mg,Cu,P and CaSO4:Dy [96].Figure 7.41 Tissue‐equivalent TSL slab dosimeter made from: (a) Li2B4O7:Mn,A...Figure 7.42 Low melting point Cr‐doped Al2O3 ceramic plates (Ceramic TSL sla...Figure 7.43 TSL imaging measurement system [42].Figure 7.44 Dose distribution of DQA test: (a) measured by the Al2O3:Cr TSL ...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Processes of charge generation (conversion), energy transportatio...Figure 8.2 Illustration for TSL and OSL phenomena. Upon irradiation, electro...Figure 8.3 Typical OSL emission spectrum (left) and stimulation spectrum (ri...Figure 8.4 Energy band diagram illustrating OSL phenomenon of KBr:Eu storage...Figure 8.5 Typical OSL emission and stimulation spectra of each CsBr storage...Figure 8.6 Optical absorption spectra of CsBr:Eu storage phosphor before and...Figure 8.7 Typical PL emission and its excitation spectra of CsBr:Eu storage...Figure 8.8 Photograph of developed IP sheet using CsBr:Eu phosphor storage f...Figure 8.9 SEM image of the CsBr:Eu storage phosphor film deposited on a gla...Figure 8.10 Light guide effects of a pillar structure.Figure 8.11 Transmittance images of IP using vapor deposited storage phospho...Figure 8.12 Wiener spectra of the IP using CsBr:Eu storage phosphor film com...Figure 8.13 MTF of the IP using CsBr:Eu storage phosphor film, compared with...Figure 8.14 Erasability of the OSL images for vapor deposited IP using CsBr:...Figure 8.15 X‐ray image of human breast obtained using IP with the CsBr:Eu s...Figure 8.16 Chest phantom X‐ray images measured using the IP with the CsB r:...Figure 8.17 Luxel + dosimeter consists of a Luxel detector enclosed in a mul...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Demonstration of RPL. A series of RPL glass plates (Ag‐doped sodi...Figure 9.2 PL spectra of Ag‐doped sodium‐aluminophosphate glass. (a) PL exci...Figure 9.3 Proposed mechanism of the RPL phenomenon in Ag‐doped sodium‐alumi...Figure 9.4 Thermal response properties of RPL. (a) RPL response as a functio...Figure 9.5 Commercialized personnel dosimeter badges using RPL glass detecto...Figure 9.6 Energy correction by using a series of metal filters. (P1 and P2 ...Figure 9.7 Energy dependence of RPL response after corrections.Figure 9.8 Signal processing techniques of RPL signal for Ag‐doped sodium‐al...Figure 9.9 A prototype of flexible RPL sheet. (a) Micro beads of RPL glass, ...Figure 9.10 As‐grown Al2O3:C,Mg single crystal rod and polished detector pla...Figure 9.11 PL excitation‐emission contour graphs of Al2O3:C,Mg a before and...Figure 9.12 Nuclear track detection demonstrated by using RPL of Al2O3:C,Mg....Figure 9.13 PL excitation and emission spectra of LiF after X‐ray irradiatio...Figure 9.14 Illustrative representation of a series of defect centers in LiF...Figure 9.15 Disk‐type radiation imaging technique by using a LiF thin‐film d...Figure 9.16 Nuclear track image obtained by using RPL of LiF as FNTD.Figure 9.17 Example PL (a) emission and (b) excitation spectra of an Sm‐dope...Figure 9.18 Demonstrations of erasing RPL response by (a) optical means and ...Figure 9.19 Reusability of Sm‐doped RPL detectors after erasure processes (a...Figure 9.20 The basic principle of microbeam radiation therapy.Figure 9.21 Dose response curves of RPL (a) by Sm‐doped fluorophosphates gla...Figure 9.22 Dose distribution of microbeam X‐rays measured by using RPL of S...Figure 9.23 Lateral distribution of X‐ray dose in microbeams measured by usi...Figure 9.24 Microbeam peak shapes measured by using Sm‐doped RPL detector an...Figure 9.25 Microbeam irradiation geometries at CLS, ESRF, and SPring‐8....Figure 9.26 Comparison of microbeam peak shapes measured by using Sm‐doped F...Figure 9.27 RPL properties of undoped CaSO4. (a) PL spectra with different i...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Schematic diagrams of measurement methods for (a) in‐line and (b...Figure 10.2 Light scattering sources in ceramics.Figure 10.3 Transmission of light in a medium and multiple reflections at th...Figure 10.4 Driving force of sintering on curved surface.Figure 10.5 Mass transfer paths during initial stage of sintering.Figure 10.6 Shrinkage of voids between adjacent particles.Figure 10.7 Mass transfer paths during intermediate stage in sintering.Figure 10.8 Coarsening of pores during grain growth step.Figure 10.9 Schematic diagrams of the normal sintering, HIP, HP, and SPS met...Figure 10.10 X‐ray‐induced scintillation spectra of all the samples in the V...Figure 10.11 Pulse height spectra measured under 137Csγ‐ray irradiation....Figure 10.12 X‐ray induced scintillation spectra of Tl:CsBr single crystal a...Figure 10.13 Pulse height spectra of 137Cs γ‐rays measured using Tl:CsBr si...Figure 10.14 TSL