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3.3.3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
3.4 Diffraction and scattering techniques
3.4.2 Dynamic light scattering
3.6 Summary: key lessons for characterisation of nanomaterials
4 Conventional methods to prepare nanomaterials
4.1 Top-down and bottom-up methods
4.4 Nucleation and growth theory
4.4.2 Heterogeneous nucleation
4.5 Conventional bottom-up methods
4.6 Emerging bottom-up methods
4.6.4 Layer-by-layer self-assembly
4.6.5 Solution synthesis of nanoparticles
4.7 Summary: key lessons about conventional routes to nanomaterials
Section III From biominerals to green nanomaterials
5 Green chemistry for nanomaterials
5.1 Sustainability of nanomaterials production
5.2 Reasons behind unsustainability
5.3 Evaluation of sustainability for selected methods
5.3.1 E-factors for solution methods
5.3.2 How green is soft lithography?
5.3.3 Templated synthesis: surely sustainable?
5.4 Adopting green chemistry for nanomaterials
5.5 Biological and biochemical terminology and methods
5.5.1 Molecular biology component
5.5.2 Molecular biological techniques
5.6 Summary: key lessons about sustainability nanomaterials production
6 Biomineralisation: how Nature makes nanomaterials
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Properties and function of biomineral types
6.2.2 Bio-calcium carbonate: protection, sensor, buoyancy
6.2.3 Bio-silica: mechanical support, transport and protection
6.2.4 Bio-magnetite: sensing, cutting/grinding, iron storage
6.3 Mineral formation controlling strategies in biomineralisation
6.3.1 The universal biomineralisation process
6.4 Roles and types of organic biological components required for biomineralisation
6.4.1 Roles of organic biological components
6.4.2 Types of organic biological components
6.5 Summary: key lessons from biomineralisation for the green synthesis of nanomaterials
7 Bioinspired ‘green’ synthesis of nanomaterials
7.1 From biological to bioinspired synthesis
7.2.1 Biomineralising biomolecules
7.2.2 Abiotic peptides and proteins from biopanning
7.3 An illustration of exploiting the knowledge of nano–bio interactions