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Before Orientalism. Kim M. PhillipsЧитать онлайн книгу.

Before Orientalism - Kim M. Phillips


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      Before Orientalism

      THE MIDDLE AGES SERIES

      Ruth Mazo Karras, Series Editor

      Edward Peters, Founding Editor

      A complete list of books in the series

      is available from the publisher.

      Before Orientalism

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      Asian Peoples and Cultures

      in European Travel Writing, 1245–1510

      Kim M. Phillips

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      UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS

      PHILADELPHIA

      Copyright © 2014 University of Pennsylvania Press

      All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for

       purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book

       may be reproduced in any form by any means without

       written permission from the publisher.

      Published by

      University of Pennsylvania Press

      Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112

      www.upenn.edu/pennpress

      Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Phillips, Kim M.

      Before Orientalism : Asian peoples and cultures in European travel writing, 1245–1510 / Kim M. Phillips. — 1st ed.

      p. cm. — (The Middle Ages series)

      Includes bibliographical references and index.

      ISBN 978-0-8122-4548-6 (hardcover : alk. paper)

      1. Travel, Medieval—Asia—History—Sources. 2. Travelers’ writings, European—History and criticism. 3. Asia—Description and travel—Early works to 1800. 4. Asia—Foreign public opinion, Western—History. I. Title. II. Series: Middle Ages series.

      GT5240.P55 2014

      303.48'209—dc23

      2013019443

       For John, Heloise, and Sylvie

      Contents

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       Note on the Text

       Introduction

       PART I. THEORY, PEOPLE, GENRES

       Chapter 1. On Orientalism

       Chapter 2. Travelers, Tales, Audiences

       Chapter 3. Travel Writing and the Making of Europe

       PART II. ENVISIONING ORIENTS

       Chapter 4. Food and Foodways

       Chapter 5. Femininities

       Chapter 6. Sex

       Chapter 7. Civility

       Chapter 8. Bodies

       Afterword: For a Precolonial Middle Ages

       Notes

       Bibliography

       Index

       Acknowledgments

      Note on the Text

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      All English-speaking authors in this field find themselves compromised by the problem of spelling proper nouns. As a broad guide, I generally follow the forms employed in John Block Friedman and Kristen Mossler Figg, eds., with Scott D. Westrem, associate editor, and Gregory G. Guzman, collaborating editor, Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia (New York: Garland, 2000). Chinese places and names are given in Pinyin without tone marks. Where there is potential for confusion, especially with regard to place-names, the medieval author’s spelling is included as well as a currently accepted form. No doubt some readers will be dissatisfied with the results, but I hope that all will be able to recognize the people and locations mentioned or find them in a reference work or map.

      When using abbreviated forms of medieval European authors’ names I include only the most distinctive part of the name (usually Anglicized). Christian names are generally preferred over bynames, but not surnames, except where the Christian name is too common to avert confusion: thus: Carpini rather than John, Rubruck rather than William, but Ricold and Jordan rather than Monte Croce and Catala. When an author is infrequently referred to or no part of his name is memorable, the whole is preferred (for example, Benedict the Pole, Andrew of Perugia).

      In the text, quotes are generally given in English translation. The translations have been compared with the original text in the edition named in the endnotes and modified in some instances. To save space, the original Latin, French, Franco-Italian, or other wording is only briefly quoted, whether in the text or endnotes, when likely to be of special interest. References to the main primary texts in the endnotes are generally given by medieval author and now commonly used title, with book and chapter numbers or other subdivisions where available, followed in parenthesis to page references to the edition of the original language used and (in most cases) to an English translation. Where I have modified a translation or provided my own, this is made clear.

      Introduction

      I speak and speak, but the listener retains only the words he is expecting. The description of the world to which you lend a benevolent ear is one thing; the description that will go the rounds of the groups of stevedores and gondoliers on the street outside my house the day of my return is another; and yet another, that which I might dictate late in life, if I were taken prisoner by Genoese pirates and put in irons in the same cell with a writer of adventure stories. It is not the voice that commands the story: it is the ear.1

      To write a book is to make a journey. Yet as is so often the case with travel, the final destination may look quite different from what was initially imagined. In the early stages of research for this book, influenced by some


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