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Effective Writing in Psychology. Bernard C. BeinsЧитать онлайн книгу.

Effective Writing in Psychology - Bernard C. Beins


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Part I Organizing and Developing Your Ideas and Writing

       It is not the answer that enlightens, but the question.

      Eugene Ionesco

       Somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be known.

      Carl Sagan

      You have a paper due in two weeks but have not started doing research. Perhaps you have not yet decided what to write about. Where do you begin? How do you move from assignment instructions to article databases and to your argument? The purpose of this chapter is to offer guidance and guidelines for developing a research paper topic and thesis. We offer suggestions to help you identify a topic, use sources to narrow the topic, and develop your thesis in a way that reflects academic standards.

      Pre‐research refers to research you do before you have a focal question or even a general topic for your writing project. Preliminary research comprises activities that help you narrow your focus once you have a general idea and give you background information on your topic. Journal of Comparative Psychology, Wikipedia, https://www.childstats.gov, and The New York Times can all be useful sources for preliminary research. Perhaps you will be watching the evening news on TV, sitting in class, reading a billboard sign, or overhearing a conversation when an interesting question strikes you. Because an idea that initially does not seem feasible might end up being the subject of an innovative thesis statement, we suggest that you initially cast as broad a net as possible and that you do some preliminary research before you commit to or discard a topic. Once you identify a viable focus for your writing project through pre‐research and preliminary research, the next step is focused research, or the work involved in reading and evaluating sources that you plan to incorporate into your paper.

Kind of research Purpose Activities
Pre‐research To help choose a paper topic Brainstorming lists of possible topics
To give you general information about potential topics Skimming through popular and scholarly sources to determine if there has been enough research related to a potential research topic
Slowly narrowing your focus to one or a few research questions about one topic
Preliminary research To gather a broad range of information about a particular topic Choosing the questions that seem the most viable as research topics
To determine what research questions have and have not been asked Reading through scholarly sources to familiarize yourself with other research related to these topics
To narrow your focus and start formulating a thesis A combination of skimming sources and reading them more closely
Taking notes as you read sources
Focused research To give you in‐depth knowledge about a particular research topic Reading scholarly sources that you plan on using in your paper and evaluating the sources' strengths and limitations
To help you develop and support your thesis statement Reading sources closely and taking notes on the ideas in that source
To find sources that offer a variety of perspectives on your topic Keeping track of citation information for each source

      In the preliminary research stage, you start establishing your focus and considering the academic value of your research questions and claims. The focus is the scope of your paper and is shaped by the assignment guidelines, how broadly can you explore the topic, and your intended audience. Each of these aspects will affect how you approach your writing. For example, the focus of a paper about communication between identical twins will be different for a 10‐page and a 20‐page paper; if you are writing about the topic for an encyclopedia, a class project, or The American Journal of Psychology; or if you are reporting your own original research or analyzing others' research.

      During your pre‐research phase, two


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