Эротические рассказы

Social Movements. Donatella della PortaЧитать онлайн книгу.

Social Movements - Donatella della Porta


Скачать книгу
less visible responses, such as negotiation, to be overlooked.

      Faced with some relevant transformations in the two main sources of opportunities for movements – the nation‐state and the political parties – research developed in two main directions. On the one hand, and especially in Europe, attention focused on the role played by movements, not just within the political system, but also within the public sphere. In this direction, the discursive opportunities – i.e., the presence of dominant public discourses on certain controversial issues, which are likely to affect movements’ chances of success – have been stressed (Koopmans and Statham 1999). Moreover, more and more attention has been paid to transnational opportunities, or, better said, to a multilevel opportunity structure for movements (della Porta and Tarrow 2005). The development of the European Union as an arena for movement demands has been discussed more in depth (della Porta and Caiani 2009). Considering movements as part and parcel of the political system, an increasing number of studies has also focused on their effects, especially in terms of policy process and policy decisions (Bosi, Giugni, and Uba 2015). What is more, while social movements had been traditionally considered as ‘strangers at the gate’ of the political system (Tarrow 2012), in the turmoil of the Great Regression, social movements have been very effective in penetrating electoral politics through referendums from below as well as the proliferation of movements’ parties (della Porta, O’Connor et al. 2017; della Porta, Fernandez et al. 2017).

      1.1.5 Are These Questions Specific to Social Movement Analysis?

      In this book we shall address these different questions: the social determinants of protest (chapter 2), the role of cultural and symbolic elements (chapters 34), the organizational dynamics (chapters 56), and the political context for and effects of movements (chapters 79). But, before doing that, we still have to discuss whether the questions – and the responses – identified above are peculiar to social movement research. In many cases, these questions address not just social movements but collective action more in general. Collective action broadly refers to individuals, sharing resources in pursuit of collective goods – i.e., goods that cannot be privatized and subtracted to any of the members of the collectivity on behalf of which collective action has taken place. Such goods may be produced within movements, but also in many contexts that normally are not associated with movements. In our notion, the idea of ‘collective goods’ comprises both public goods à la Olson and club goods. For Samuelson (1954), the key characteristics of public goods are non‐excludability, and nonrivalrous consumption (i.e., no scarcity once the good is produced). A club good is nonexcludable for club members but excludable for outsiders, possibly (but not necessarily) non‐rivalrous for those with access (Buchanan 1965).

      As it happens, analyses of social movements and analyses of collective action at large are inextricably linked. Let us say that the experience of social movements reflects phenomena with more than passing analogies to other instance or political or cultural collective action, taking place within political parties, interest groups, or religious sects. Therefore, when we analyze social movements, we deal with social processes that may also be of interest to researchers who do not define themselves at all as social movement analysts. Accordingly, we feel that a lot of what is presented here may be of interest to a much broader audience.

      Recently, there have been several attempts to synthesize scholarship on social movements with the aim of linking it to broader theoretical and/or empirical concerns. Some of these attempts have aimed at integrating social movement theory with general sociological frameworks.

      If the core questions addressed by social movement analysts are not necessarily specific, one can wonder whether social movements have an analytical peculiarity


Скачать книгу
Яндекс.Метрика