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Populism. Benjamin MoffittЧитать онлайн книгу.

Populism - Benjamin Moffitt


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Why Populism Matters

      If there is one concept that seems to have captured the flavour of global politics in the twenty-first century, it is populism. Used to describe a wide range of disruptive and prominent leaders (Donald Trump, Rodrigo Duterte, Hugo Chávez), parties (Podemos, One Nation, Alternative für Deutschland (Alternative for Germany)), movements (Occupy Wall Street, the Indignados) and even events (Brexit), the term has become a popular catch-all for diagnosing all that is exciting, worrying or dysfunctional in contemporary democracies worldwide. Indeed, the Cambridge Dictionary named populism its ‘Word of the Year’ for 2017, referring to its importance as ‘a phenomenon that’s both truly local and truly global, as populations and their leaders across the world wrestle with issues of immigration and trade, resurgent nationalism, and economic discontent’ (Cambridge Dictionary 2017).

      Indeed, the term seems to link leaders, movements and parties that had previously seemed to have nothing to do with one another: what on earth does the right-wing Donald Trump have in common with the left-wing Occupy Wall Street, beyond a general distaste for ‘the elite’? What policies does the socialist Evo Morales in Bolivia share with the nativist Geert Wilders in the Netherlands? In what world can we link a so-called ‘populist uprising’ in the case of Brexit with the success of a foul-mouthed president of the Philippines who advocates the extrajudicial killings of drug users?

      The positive view is not shared by ‘the elite’, however: for many mainstream politicians across the globe, populism has become the single biggest threat to democracy in the contemporary political landscape. In 2010 the former president of the European Council, Herman Van Rompuy, called populism ‘the greatest danger to the contemporary West’ (as quoted in Jäger 2018), while the president of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, has warned against ‘galloping populism’ on the continent (see Ellyatt 2016). Tony Blair’s think tank, the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change, argues that populists ‘pose a real threat to democracy itself’ (Eiermann, Mounk and Gultchin 2017). Even the pontiff, Pope Francis, has spoken out about this phenomenon, stating that ‘[p]opulism is evil and ends badly’ (in di Lorenzo 2017).

      The popularity of the term has been something of a double-edged sword, however. While the expansion of the field is in many ways most welcome, with new insights and methods being brought to bear on the topic from fields including political psychology, political communications and media studies, it is also true that populism ‘has become the buzzword of the year mostly because it is very often poorly defined and wrongly used’ – not only in popular discussions, but in academic discussions as well – as leading scholar of populism Cas Mudde (2017b) put it in the Guardian. As a consequence, newcomers to the topic may be understandably confused by the plethora of bad definitions that plague the term: where does one even begin, if you want to understand populism? Is it synonymous with racism? Is it left wing or right wing? Is it the same as authoritarianism? Is it good or bad for democracy? How are we supposed to make sense of this mess?

      What makes this study different from other introductory texts on the topic of populism that have been released in recent years is that it offers the first accessible introduction to populism as a concept in political theory. While other texts have tended to lead through a focus on empirical data, theory a secondary concern, here the key conceptual battles over the meaning and normative content of populism remain primary, through focus on the arguments of such influential thinkers as Ernesto Laclau, Chantal Mouffe, Cas Mudde, Jan-Werner Müller and Margaret Canovan. The aim is to demonstrate that debates about populism are never just about the cases at hand (for example, whether Trump is a menace to democracy or not), but rather that these debates and questions act as a prism through which key assumptions and normative arguments about contemporary democracy itself are played out in a rough-and-tumble style. In a time characterised by ‘the global rise of populism’ (Moffitt 2016), it is important we get to terms with what is truly at stake in these debates.

      But never fear: this book is not just about what different scholars have argued about when it comes to populism. It assumes that you are reading it because you are probably interested in real-world political developments that have been subsumed under the heading of ‘populism’ in recent years, and hence it draws on evocative examples of populism across the globe, primarily from the last two decades, to illustrate, flesh out, challenge and make sense of the conceptual


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