Practical Sustainability Strategies. George P. NassosЧитать онлайн книгу.

      1 No poverty—End poverty in all its forms everywhere.Extreme poverty has been cut by more than half since 1990, but more than one in five people still live on less than the target figure of US$1.25 per day. That target may not be adequate for human subsistence, however, as there is always an effort to increase it. People also live in poverty if they lack basic services such as healthcare, security, and education. They also experience hunger, social discrimination, and exclusion from decision-making processes.Gender inequality plays a large role in perpetuating poverty and its risks. Women face potentially life-threatening risks from early pregnancy and frequent pregnancies. This can result in lost hope for an education and for a better income. Poverty affects age groups differently, with the most devastating effects experienced by children. It affects their education, health, nutrition, and security, impacting emotional and spiritual development.Achieving SDG 1 is hampered by growing inequality, increasingly fragile statehood, and the impacts of climate change.

      2 Zero hunger—End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.SDG 2 states that by 2030 we should end hunger and all forms of malnutrition. This would be accomplished by doubling agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers (especially women and indigenous peoples), by ensuring sustainable food production systems and by progressively improving land and soil quality.Other targets deal with maintaining genetic diversity of seeds, increasing access to land, preventing trade restriction and distortions in world agricultural markets to limit extreme food price volatility, eliminating waste with help from the International Food Waste Coalition, and ending malnutrition and undernutrition of children.A report by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) of 2013 stated that the emphasis of the SDGs should not be on ending poverty by 2030, but on eliminating hunger and under-nutrition by 2025. The assertion is based on an analysis of experiences in China, Vietnam, Brazil, and Thailand. Three pathways to achieve this were identified: (i) agriculture-led; (ii) social protection- and nutrition- intervention-led; or (iii) a combination of both of these approaches [1].

      3 Good health and well-being—Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.Significant strides have been made in increasing life expectancy and reducing some of the common killers associated with child and maternal mortality; however, the number of children dying under age five is still extremely high at 41 deaths per 1000 live births [2]. Additional key strategies for meeting SDG 3 will be to reduce adolescent pregnancy (which is strongly linked to gender equality), provide better data for all women and girls, and achieve universal coverage of skilled birth attendants.Continued improvement on access to clean water and sanitation will reduce the spread of malaria, tuberculosis, polio, and HIV/AIDS. SDG 3 also aims to achieve universal health coverage, including access to essential medicines and vaccines. Attention to health and well-being also includes targets related to the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, deaths, and injuries from traffic accidents and from hazardous chemicals and air, water, and soil pollution and contamination.

      4 Quality education—Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.Major progress has been made in access to education, specifically at the primary school level, for both boys and girls, but there is still a ways to go. Target 1 of SDG 4 is to ensure that, by 2030, all girls and boys complete free, equitable, and quality primary