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War and Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa. Ariel I. AhramЧитать онлайн книгу.

War and Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa - Ariel I. Ahram


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2.59 Iraq 119,001 4.91 Congo, D.R. 107,773 2.23 Sudan 92,248 3.30 Sri Lanka 65,373 3.46 India 55,073 0.05 Nigeria 51,272 0.41 Somalia 45,408 4.89 Pakistan 41,073 0.29 Angola 33,178 1.95 Turkey 27,751 0.43 Colombia 27,462 0.67 Bosnia-Herzegovina 26,333 6.98 Russia (Soviet Union) 25,480 0.17 Liberia 23,244 7.77 Algeria 21,138 0.67 Yemen 20,863 1.13

       state-based conflict, where at least one of the parties is the government of a state, that is, violence between two states and violence between the government and a rebel group;

       non-state conflict, which involves two organized groups, such as rebel groups or ethnic groups, neither of which is the government of a state; and

       one-sided violence, where the government of a state or a formally organized group commits violence against unarmed civilians.

      Source: Pettersson and Eck, “Organized Violence, 1989–2017.”

      Terrorism is closely correlated with asymmetrical internal wars, but it is far from the most consequential form of violence. While much of the United States and other world powers exhibit concern about terrorist attacks emanating from the Middle East, terrorism is hardly a peculiar characteristic of the region.

      Internal war and terrorism often stem from states’ inability to control violence effectively. This is not the same, though, as to say that states are somehow exempt from or uninvolved in such violence. In his study of war and conflict in Africa, Paul Williams argues that a state-centric perspective on Africa’s conflicts would be inadequate and inappropriate “because many of the continent’s armed conflicts take place on the peripheries of, or outside, the African society of states and do not involve government soldiers.”35 In MENA, by contrast, the exact opposite prevails. Even when violence is conducted by non-state actors, it is largely oriented toward winning control over states or establishing alternative political structures, that is, new states.

      Source: Global Terrorism Database, available at https://www.start.umd.edu/data-tools/global-terrorism-database-gtd.

Country No. of events (% of global total)
Afghanistan 1,776 (18)
Iraq 1,362 (14)
India 888 (9)
Nigeria 645 (7)
Philippines 601 (6)
Somalia 527 (5)
Pakistan 480 (5)
Yemen 325 (5)
Cameroon 235 (2)
Syria 232 (2)

      Counting armed conflicts, battle deaths, and indirect deaths is frustratingly inexact. The exercise depends on disputed concepts that, in turn, link to deeper normative concerns about what types of violence are legitimate versus illegitimate. Terms like “soldier,” “terrorist,” “civilian,” “victim,” or “casualty” connote different statuses within organizations devoted to fighting. Even if these theoretical and moral issues are resolved, the techniques used to collect data about war themselves face


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