Эротические рассказы

Optical Engineering Science. Stephen RoltЧитать онлайн книгу.

Optical Engineering Science - Stephen Rolt


Скачать книгу
4 0 5th order spherical aberration 6 0 Graphical illustration of the contribution of different aberrations vs. numerical aperture for 200mm achromat.

      Of course, in practice, the design of such lens systems will be accomplished by means of ray tracing software or similar. Nonetheless, an understanding of the basic underlying principles involved in such a design would be useful in the initiation of any design process.

      1 Born, M. and Wolf, E. (1999). Principles of Optics, 7e. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 0-521-642221.

      2 Hecht, E. (2017). Optics, 5e. Harlow: Pearson Education. ISBN: 978-0-1339-7722-6.

      3 Kidger, M.J. (2001). Fundamental Optical Design. Bellingham: SPIE. ISBN: 0-81943915-0.

      4 Kidger, M.J. (2004). Intermediate Optical Design. Bellingham: SPIE. ISBN: 978-0-8194-5217-7.

      5 Longhurst, R.S. (1973). Geometrical and Physical Optics, 3e. London: Longmans. ISBN: 0-582-44099-8.

      6 Mahajan, V.N. (1991). Aberration Theory Made Simple. Bellingham: SPIE. ISBN: 0-819-40536-1.

      7 Mahajan, V.N. (1998). Optical Imaging and Aberrations: Part I. Ray Geometrical Optics. Bellingham: SPIE. ISBN: 0-8194-2515-X.

      8 Mahajan, V.N. (2001). Optical Imaging and Aberrations: Part II. Wave Diffraction Optics. Bellingham: SPIE. ISBN: 0-8194-4135-X.

      9 Slyusarev, G.G. (1984). Aberration and Optical Design Theory. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN: 978-0852743577.

      10 Smith, F.G. and Thompson, J.H. (1989). Optics, 2e. New York: Wiley. ISBN: 0-471-91538-1.

      11 Welford, W.T. (1986). Aberrations of Optical Systems. Bristol: Adam Hilger. ISBN: 0-85274-564-8.

      5.1 Introduction

      The previous chapters have provided a substantial grounding in geometrical optics and aberration theory that will provide the understanding required to tackle many design problems. However, there are two significant omissions.

      Firstly all previous analysis, particularly with regard to aberration theory, has assumed the use of spherical surfaces. This, in part, forms part of a historical perspective, in that spherical surfaces are exceptionally easy to manufacture when compared to other forms and enjoy the most widespread use in practical applications. Modern design and manufacturing techniques have permitted the use of more exotic shapes. In particular, conic surfaces are used in a wide variety of modern designs.

      The second significant omission is the use of Zernike circle polynomials in describing the mathematical form of wavefront error across a pupil. Zernike polynomials are an orthonormal set of polynomials that are bounded by a circular aperture and, as such, are closely matched to the geometry of a circular pupil. There are, of course, many different sets of orthonormal functions, the most well known being the Fourier series, which, in two dimensions, might be applied to a rectangular aperture. As the wavefront pattern associated with defocus forms one specific Zernike polynomial, the orthonormal property of the series means that all other terms are effectively optimised with respect to defocus. This topic was touched on in Chapter 3 when seeking to minimise the wavefront error associated with spherical aberration by providing balancing defocus. The optimised form that was derived effectively represents a Zernike polynomial.

      5.2.1 General Form of Aspheric Surfaces

      In this discussion, we will restrict ourselves to surfaces that are symmetric about a central axis. Although more exotic surfaces are used, such symmetric surfaces predominate in practical applications. The most general embodiment of this type of surface is the so-called even asphere. Its general form is specified by its surface sag, z, which represents the axial displacement of the surface with respect to the axial position of the vertex, located at the axis of symmetry. The surface sag of an even asphere is given by the following formula:

      c = 1/R is the surface curvature (R is the radius); k is the conic constant; αn is the even polynomial coefficient.

Conic constant Surface description
k > 0 Oblate ellipsoid
k = 0 Sphere
−1 < k < 0 Prolate ellipsoid
k = −1 Paraboloid
k < −1 Hyperboloid

      5.2.2 Attributes of Conic Mirrors


Скачать книгу
Яндекс.Метрика