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that Revolutionized Molecular Biology, Nov 2018. Public Domain.

A simple chemical apparatus operating as the end-to-end automatic DNA data storage demonstrating automatic “writing”–“reading” DNA processes.

      Source: From Takahashi et al. [97]. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41228-8. Licensed Under CC BY 4.0.

      Overall, the DNA computing is a multidisciplinary research area with major contributions from synthetic biology, nanotechnology, computer science, chemical engineering, biosensing and biotechnology, biology and medicine, etc. Some of the research areas are already reaching the mature states, while others are still in the infancy. It is still not easy to predict in what direction the research will go and what applications will be more benefiting from the DNA computing. In the most probability, practical applications will be in two major subareas: medicine with the DNA information processing nanorobotic systems operating in vivo [103,104] and large data storage systems providing extremely high density of the information storage [84,105]. Many other applications of the DNA computing are in the research and discussion [106,107]. However, it is quite unexpected that the DNA computing will come to the end users instead of standard electronic computers, at least in the short perspective.

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