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John Dewey - Ultimate Collection: 40+ Works on Psychology, Education, Philosophy & Politics. Джон ДьюиЧитать онлайн книгу.

John Dewey - Ultimate Collection: 40+ Works on Psychology, Education, Philosophy & Politics - Джон Дьюи


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and courageous philosophy of practice would devise means by which the operation of these forces would be extended and assured in the future. An American philosophy of history must perforce be a philosophy for its future, a future in which freedom and fullness of human companionship is the aim, and intelligent coöperative experimentation the method.

       THE END

      FOOTNOTES:

      Leibniz's New Essays Concerning the Human Understanding:

       A Critical Exposition

       Table of Contents

       Preface

       Chapter I. The Man.

       Chapter II. The Sources of His Philosophy.

       Chapter III. The Problem, and its Solution.

       Chapter IV. Locke and Leibniz.—Innate Ideas.

       Chapter V. Sensation and Experience.

       Chapter VI. The Impulses and the Will.

       Chapter VII. Matter and its Relation to Spirit.

       Chapter VIII. Material Phenomena and Their Reality.

       Chapter IX. Some Fundamental Conceptions.

       Chapter X. The Nature and Extent of Knowledge.

       Chapter XI. The Theology of Leibniz.

       Chapter XII. Criticism and Conclusion.

      Preface

       Table of Contents

      The purpose of the series of which the present volume is one, is not, as will be seen by reference to the statement in the initial volume, to sum up in toto the system of any philosopher, but to give a “critical exposition” of some one masterpiece. In treating the “Nouveaux Essais” of Leibniz, I have found myself obliged, at times, to violate the letter of this expressed intention, in order to fulfil its spirit. The “Nouveaux Essais,” in spite of its being one of the two most extended philosophical writings of Leibniz, is a compendium of comments, rather than a connected argument or exposition. It has all the suggestiveness and richness of a note-book, but with much also of its fragmentariness. I have therefore been obliged to supplement my account of it by constant references to the other writings of Leibniz, and occasionally to take considerable liberty with the order of the treatment of topics. Upon the whole, this book will be found, I hope, to be a faithful reflex not only of Leibniz’s thought, but also of his discussions in the “Nouveaux Essais.”

      In the main, the course of philosophic thought since the time of Leibniz has been such as to render almost self-evident his limitations, and to suggest needed corrections and amplifications. Indeed, it is much easier for those whose thoughts follow the turn that Kant has given modern thinking to appreciate the defects of Leibniz than to realize his greatness. I have endeavored, therefore, in the body of the work, to identify my thought with that of Leibniz as much as possible, to assume his standpoint and method, and, for the most part, to confine express criticism upon his limitations to the final chapter. In particular, I have attempted to bring out the relations of philosophy to the growing science of his times, to state the doctrine of pre-established harmony as he himself meant it, and to give something like consistency and coherency to his doctrine of material existence and of nature. This last task seemed especially to require doing. I have also endeavored to keep in mind, throughout, Leibniz’s relations to Locke, and to show the “Nouveaux Essais” as typical of the distinction between characteristic British and German thought.

      JOHN DEWEY.

      May, 1888.

      Chapter I.

       The Man.

       Table of Contents

      “He who knows me only by my writings does not know me,” said Leibniz. These words—true, indeed, of every writer, but true of Leibniz in a way which gives a peculiar interest and charm to his life—must be our excuse for prefacing what is to be said of his “New Essays concerning the Human Understanding” with a brief biographical sketch.

      Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was born in Leipzig June 21, 1646. His father, who died when Leibniz was only six years old, was a professor in the university and a notary of considerable practice. From him the future philosopher seems to have derived his extraordinary industry and love of detail. Such accounts as


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