Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook. A. Kayode CokerЧитать онлайн книгу.
aMost of the limits for equipment sizes shown here correspond to the limits used in the costing program (CAPCOST.BAS).
bMaximum temperature and pressure are related to the materials of construction and may differ from values shown here.
cFor 20 <L/D < 30 special design may be required. Diameter up to 7 m possible but over 4 m must be fabricated on site.
dPower values refer to fluid/pumping power.
ePower values refer to shaft power.
Source: Turton, R. et al., Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Prentice Hall International Series, 2001.
Effect of Typical Materials of Construction on Product Color, Corrosion, Abrasion, and Catalytic Effects .
| Metals | ||
|---|---|---|
| Material | Advantages | Disadvantages |
| Carbon steel | Low cost, readily available, resists abrasion, standard fabrication, resists alkali | Poor resistance to acids and strong alkali, often causes discoloration and contamination |
| Stainless steel | Resists most acids, reduces discoloration, available with a variety of alloys, abrasion less than mild steel | Not resistant to chlorides, more expensive, fabrication more difficult, alloy materials may have catalytic effects |
| Monel–Nickel | Little discoloration, contamination, resistant to chlorides | Not resistant to oxidizing environments, expensive |
| Hasteloy | Improved over Monel–Nickel | More expensive than Monel–Nickel |
| Other exotic metals | Improves specific properties | Very high cost |
| Non-metals | ||
| Glass | Useful in laboratory and batch system, low diffusion at walls | Fragile, not resistant to high alkali, poor heat transfer, poor abrasion resistance |
| Plastics | Good at low temperature, large variety to select from with various characteristics, easy to fabricate, seldom discolors, minor catalytic effects possible | Poor at high temperature, low strength, not resistant to high alkali conditions, low heat transfer, low cost |
| Ceramics | Withstands high temperatures, variety of formulations available, modest cost | Poor abrasion properties, high diffusion at walls (in particular hydrogen), low heat transfer, may encourage catalytic reactions |
Source: Turton, R. et al., Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, Prentice Hall International Series, 2001.
14 Process Planning, Scheduling, and Flowsheet