Leviathan. Thomas HobbesЧитать онлайн книгу.
By Presumption Of Naturall Affection To Dispose Of The Succession, Though To A King Of Another Nation, CHAPTER XX. OF DOMINION PATERNALL AND DESPOTICALL Wherein Different From A Common-wealth By Institution The Rights Of Soveraignty The Same In Both Dominion Paternall How Attained Not By Generation, But By Contract Or Education; Or Precedent Subjection Of One Of The Parents To The Other The Right Of Succession Followeth The Rules Of The Rights Of Possession Despoticall Dominion, How Attained Not By The Victory, But By The Consent Of The Vanquished Difference Between A Family And A Kingdom The Right Of Monarchy From Scripture Soveraign Power Ought In All Common-wealths To Be Absolute CHAPTER XXI. OF THE LIBERTY OF SUBJECTS Liberty What What It Is To Be Free Feare And Liberty Consistent Liberty And Necessity Consistent Artificiall Bonds, Or Covenants Liberty Of Subjects Consisteth In Liberty From Covenants Liberty Of The Subject Consistent With Unlimited Power Of The Soveraign The Liberty Which Writers Praise, Is The Liberty Of Soveraigns; Liberty Of The Subject How To Be Measured Subjects Have Liberty To Defend Their Own Bodies, Are Not Bound To Hurt Themselves; Nor To Warfare, Unless They Voluntarily Undertake It The Greatest Liberty Of Subjects, Dependeth On The Silence Of The Law In What Cases Subjects Absolved Of Their Obedience To Their Soveraign In Case Of Captivity In Case The Soveraign Cast Off The Government From Himself And Heyrs In Case Of Banishment In Case The Soveraign Render Himself Subject To Another CHAPTER XXII. OF SYSTEMES SUBJECT, POLITICALL, AND PRIVATE The Divers Sorts Of Systemes Of People In All Bodies Politique The Power Of The Representative Is Limited By Letters Patents And The Lawes When The Representative Is One Man, His Unwarranted Acts His Own Onely When It Is An Assembly, It Is The Act Of Them That Assented Onely When It Is An Assembly, They Onely Are Liable That Have Assented If The Debt Be To One Of The Assembly, The Body Onely Is Obliged Protestation Against The Decrees Of Bodies Politique Bodies Politique For Government Of A Province, Colony, Or Town Bodies Politique For Ordering Of Trade A Bodie Politique For Counsel To Be Give To The Soveraign A Regular Private Body, Lawfull, As A Family Private Bodies Regular, But Unlawfull Systemes Irregular, Such As Are Private Leagues Secret Cabals Feuds Of Private Families Factions For Government CHAPTER XXIII. OF THE PUBLIQUE MINISTERS OF SOVERAIGN POWER Publique Minister Who Ministers For The Generall Administration For Speciall Administration, As For Oeconomy For Instruction Of The People For Judicature For Execution Counsellers Without Other Employment Then To Advise CHAPTER XXIV. OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREATION OF A COMMON-WEALTH And The Right Of Distribution Of Them All Private Estates Of Land Proceed Originally Propriety Of A Subject Excludes Not The Dominion Of The Soveraign, The Publique Is Not To Be Dieted The Places And Matter Of Traffique Depend, As Their Distribution, The Laws Of Transferring Property Belong Also To The Soveraign Mony The Bloud Of A Common-wealth The Conduits And Way Of Mony To The Publique Use The Children Of A Common-wealth Colonies CHAPTER XXV. OF COUNSELL Counsell What Differences Between Command And Counsell Exhortation And Dehortation What Differences Of Fit And Unfit Counsellours CHAPTER XXVI. OF CIVILL LAWES Civill Law what The Soveraign Is Legislator And Not Subject To Civill Law Use, A Law Not By Vertue Of Time, But Of The Soveraigns Consent The Law Of Nature, And The Civill Law Contain Each Other Provinciall Lawes Are Not Made By Custome, But By The Soveraign Power Some Foolish Opinions Of Lawyers Concerning The Making Of Lawes Law Made, If Not Also Made Known, Is No Law Unwritten Lawes Are All Of Them Lawes Of Nature Nothing Is Law Where The Legislator Cannot Be Known Difference Between Verifying And Authorising The Law Verifyed By The Subordinate Judge By The Publique Registers By Letters Patent, And Publique Seale The Interpretation Of The Law Dependeth On The Soveraign Power All Lawes Need Interpretation The Authenticall Interpretation Of Law Is Not That Of Writers The Interpreter Of The Law Is The Judge Giving Sentence Viva Voce The Sentence Of A Judge, Does Not Bind Him, Or Another Judge The Difference Between The Letter And Sentence Of The Law The Abilities Required In A Judge Divisions Of Law Another Division Of Law Divine Positive Law How Made Known To Be Law Another Division Of Lawes A Fundamentall Law What Difference Between Law And Right And Between A Law And A Charter CHAPTER XXVII. OF CRIMES, EXCUSES, AND EXTENUATIONS A Crime What Where No Civill Law Is, There Is No Crime Ignorance Of The Law Of Nature Excuseth No Man Ignorance Of The Civill Law Excuseth Sometimes Ignorance Of The Soveraign Excuseth Not Ignorance Of The Penalty Excuseth Not Punishments Declared Before The Fact, Excuse From Greater Punishments Nothing Can Be Made A Crime By A Law Made After The Fact False Principles Of Right And Wrong Causes Of Crime