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of microorganisms capable of producing vanillin from various...Table 2.2 Amount of ferulic acid in different known natural sources.Table 2.3 Genetically modified (GM) microorganisms for synthesis of biovani...

3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Some bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics.Table 3.2 Examples of broad‐ and narrow‐spectrum antibiotics.Table 3.3 Overview of antibacterial agents.Table 3.4 Overview of antifungal drugs.Table 3.5 Antiviral drugs and their respective clinical uses with mechanism...Table 3.6 Overview of antiparasitic drugs.

4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Mechanism action of antibiotics.Table 4.2 Prioritized antibiotic resistance bacteria.

5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 The various fermented products produced by yeast, bacteria, and m...

6 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Extraction methods for oligosaccharides.Table 6.2 Methods for the purification of oligosaccharides.

7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Computational and experimental tools available for metabolic engi...

8 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Countries with enacted plastic bag legislations.

9 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Composition of crop residues and energy crops.Table 10.2 Comparison of pretreatment of LCB by different methods.Table 10.3 Improvement of saccharification yield using enzyme cocktail mixt...Table 10.4 Ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass at HSLEH and fer...

10 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Biogas upgrading technologies.

11 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Elemental compositions of possible waste biomass fertilizers.Table 13.2 Agro‐industrial wastes and their compositions.Table 13.3 Recent studies in the area of solid‐state fermentation using var...Table 13.4 Enzyme production using food waste via solid‐state fermentation ...

List of Illustrations

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Basic steps of gene cloning.Figure 1.2 Representative chemical structures of biopolymers.Figure 1.3 Different organic acids with their structures.Figure 1.4 Biosynthetic pathway for production of organic acids.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 World map showing the leading countries in the production of vani...Figure 2.2 Biotransformation pathways of vanillin in microbes using various ...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 (a) Basic structure of penicillin; (b) structures of i. natural p...Figure 3.2 Chemical structures of antibiotics. (a) Cephalexin; (b) i. Erythr...Figure 3.3 Mechanism of actions of antibacterial agents.Figure 3.4 (a) Chemical structure of Amphotericin B; (b) i. fluconazole, ii....Figure 3.5 Mechanisms of action of antifungal agents.Figure 3.6 Strategies of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Evolution of antibiotics.Figure 4.2 Schematic diagram of mechanism action of antibiotics.Figure 4.3 Mechanism action of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.Figure 4.4 Life cycle of Bdellovibrio.

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Market share of different countries in the food and beverage indu...Figure 5.2 Biochemical pathways for transformation of fats (blue arrows), ca...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Sources of bioactive oligosaccharides with examples.Figure 6.2 (a–i) Structures of different oligosaccharides (a) Malto‐oligosac...Figure 6.3 Application areas of bioactive oligosaccharides.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Polypeptide‐based biopolymers: (a) albumin‐based NP‐Abraxane^TM (B...Figure 7.2 Cellulose (Richards et al., 2012).Figure 7.3 Starch (Othman et al., 2018).Figure 7.4 Cyclodextrin (Baykal et al., 2018).Figure 7.5 Hyaluronic acid (Sionkowska et al., 2020).Figure 7.6 Chitin and chitosan (Ruiz & Corrales, 2017).Figure 7.7 k‐Carrageenan (Solov’eva et al., 2013).Figure 7.8 Agarose (Garcia et al., 2000).Figure 7.9 Alginate (Piras & Smith, 2020).Figure 7.10 (a) Biodistribution of SMID NPs in vivo: i.v. injection of ICG o...Figure 7.11 (a) In vitro phantom CT contrast images of PFOB@IR825‐HA‐Cy5.5 N...Figure 7.12 Wound healing process: (a) images of a representative wound site...Figure 7.13 (a) NICE bioinks use nanosilicates to reinforce an ionic‐covalen...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Overview of different polysaccharide biosynthetic pathways in bac...Figure 8.2 Metabolic pathways for synthesis of poly hydroxy alkanoates (PHas...Figure 8.3 Redirection of metabolic flux to the ε‐PL biosynthesis in S. albu...Figure 8.4 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris sugar nucleotide metabolism...Figure 8.5 Steps involved in recovery and purification of xanthan from ferme...Figure 8.6 Steps involved in ε‐Poly‐L‐lysine separation and recovery from fe...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Polymers in market.PE, polyethylene; PET, poly (ethylene tere...Figure 9.2 Summary of Bio‐PET business and current trend. MEG, mono‐ethylene...Figure 9.3 Polylactic acid (PLA) polymer in the market.Figure 9.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) market applications.

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 (a) Layers in plant cell wall. L – Lumen, PW – Primary wall, S₁,...Figure 10.2 Structure of (a) cellulose, (b) xylan polymer, and (c) lignin mo...Figure 10.3 Biochemical processing of LCB to produce cellulosic ethanol.Figure 10.5 Structure of the common cations used for ionic liquids: (i) imid...Figure 10.4 Effect of different pretreatment types on the degradation of lig...Figure 10.6 Mode of action of (a) cellulases on cellulose and (b) xylanases ...Figure 10.7 Approaches for construction of genetically engineered ethanologe...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Number of biogas plants in European countries.Figure 11.2 Number of biogas plants (total) relative to the population of Eu...Figure 11.3 Development of the number of biomethane plants in Europe.Figure 11.4 Biogas production in India.

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Types of biofertilizers.Figure 12.2 Types of bioformulations.

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Types of biofertilizers.Figure 13.2 Types of agro‐industrial wastes.