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activities against fungi and bacteria. LAB BS are constituted by polysaccharides, glycolipids, glycolipopeptides, and proteins [22, 23]. Figure 2.5 depicts the distribution of prokaryote‐producing BS. A broad review of scientific literature proved that prokaryotes are the predominant group of microorganisms related to BS production (Table 2.2), particularly bacteria.
Figure 2.5 Phyla of prokaryote producers of biosurfactants.
Source: Sharma et al. [22] and Satpute et al. [23].
Table 2.2 Archaea and bacteria as biosurfactant producers.
| Biosurfactant | Microorganism | Carbon source | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rhamnolipids | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Oil residues, corn oil, waste frying oil [24–26] | |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | Hexadecane, olive oil [26] | ||
| Pseudomonas luteola | Molasses [26] | ||
| Pseudomonas chlororaphis | Glucose [26] | ||
| Pseudomonas putida | Molasses, glucose [26] | ||
| Pseudomonas stutzeri | Palm oil mill effluent [27] | ||
| Pseudomonas pachastrellae | Barley pulp [28] | ||
| Pseudomonas desmolyticum | Hexadecane [29] | ||
| Burkholderia glumae | Canola oil [26] | ||
| Burkholderia plantarii | Glucose [26] | ||
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | Glycerol [26] | ||
| Burkholderia thailandensis | Canola oil, glycerol [26] | ||
| Bacillus pumilus | Crude oil and naphthalene [30] | ||
| Nocardioides sp | n‐paraffin [31] | ||
| Serratia rubidaea SNAU02 | Mahua oil cake [32] | ||
| Acinetobacter calcoaceticus | Glycerol [26] | ||
| Acinetobacter junii | Soybean oil [33] | ||
| Enterobacter asburiae | Sodium citrate [34] | ||
| Enterobacter hormaechei | Glycerol [26] | ||
| Achromobacter sp. | Lignocellulosic residues [35] | ||
| Pantoea stewartii | Glycerol [26] | ||
| Pseudoxanthomonas sp. | Mannitol [26] | ||
| Renibacterium salmonarium | n‐hexadecane [36] | ||
| Streptomyces sp. | Glucose [37] | ||
| Streptomyces coelicoflavus | Olive oil [38] | ||
| Tetragenococcus koreensis | GYP [39] | ||
| Thermus aquaticus | Sunflower oil [26] | ||
| Trehalolipids | Rhodococcus erythropolis | n‐hexadecane [40] | |
| Rhodococcus sp. PML026 | Sunflower oil [41] | ||
| Rhodococcus fascians | n‐alkanes [42] | ||
| Rhodococcus opacus | n‐alkanes [42] | ||
| Rhodococcus wratislaviensis | n‐hexadecane [42] | ||
| Rhodococcus ruber | n‐hexadecane [43] | ||
| Corynebacterium matruchotii | [42] | ||
| Arthrobacter parafineus | n‐paraffin [42] | ||
| Arthrobacter sp. | Crude oil degrading [42] | ||
| Micrococcus luteus | n‐hexadecane [44] | ||
| Tsukamurella spumae | Sunflower oil [45] | ||
| Tsukamurella pseudospumae | Sunflower oil [45] | ||
| Rhodococcus qingshengii | n‐hexadecane [46] | ||
| Other glycolipids | Deinococcus caeni PO5 | Jackfruit seed poder [47] |