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model, computational model and hybrid model. Pre-processing the raw data, feature extraction and prediction are the steps involved in forecasting the wind speed and wind energy. Included among the different wind speed and power forecasting models are a physical model, statistical model, computational model and hybrid model.
– Chapter 8 describes the forecasting of short-term wind speed by incorporating an adaptive ensemble of deep neural networks and then compares it to machine learning algorithms like gated recurrent unit (GRU), long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network and bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) neural network. In this chapter, various parameters like the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) are computed. Also, the mean square error (MSE) is computed for the given algorithms and the performance of the Bi-LSTM is compared for MSE, RMSE and MAE.
– Chapter 9 gives an overview of various attack scenarios associated with advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), with a major focus on data falsification attacks. In data falsification attacks, attackers aim to inject malicious codes or false data to tamper with legitimate data. A detailed analysis of the various available detection schemes to effectively detect such attacks is also presented in this chapter.
– Chapter 10 describes how to forecast the actual amount of electricity consumed with respect to the energy demand in G20 countries, wherein recurrent neural networks, linear regression, support vector regression and Bayesian ridge regression have been used for forecasting, while the sliding window approach has been used for the generation of the dataset. Predictions of electricity consumption up until 2025 are also included.
– Chapter 11 is a detailed discussion of the ways and means available for India to harness biodiesel energy. It also delves into the major issues inhibiting India in the realm of biofuels in general. The objective of this chapter is to highlight the measures taken to achieve the 40% renewable energy target under the Paris Agreement. To this end, a novel model is proposed that can be utilized for optimizing the use of information communication technology (ICT) in the extraction, marketing and management of biodiesel energy. The use of green and clean fuel is not a luxury anymore, but rather will make India more self-reliant in a real sense, paving the way for a sustainable “Make-In-India”.
The editors would like to thank the contributing authors for their innovative submissions that has led to a successful culmination of this book under the series titled “Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing for Industrial Transformation”. We believe the content of this book has significant potential to serve the industry-grade real-time problems and has potential to serve the society at large.
Ajay Kumar Vyas S. BalamuruganKamal Kant Hiran Harsh S. Dhiman December 2021
1
Analysis of Six-Phase Grid Connected Synchronous Generator in Wind Power Generation
Arif Iqbal1* and Girish Kumar Singh2
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College Ambedkar Nagar, Akbarpur, India
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
Abstract
Owing to meet the incremental need of energy with exhaustion of fossil fuel in few upcoming years, renewable power generation has emerged as a potential and permanent solution in present scenario. In this regard, research has diverted toward exploration and development of various new techniques of renewable power generation for last few decades, and various systems have been adopted in both isolated and grid connected modes. Among various available options (solar, wind, biomass, tidal, etc.), the wind power generation system has a major market share due to its pollution-free operation together with its economic viability and mature technology. Presently, wind power generation system is increasing exponentially, particularly in on-shore sites of India and European subcontinents. Wind power generation system works on a successful operation and coordination of various parts, where an electric generator is an important component. Hence, the selection of suitable electrical machine (as generator) is of paramount importance for reliable operation of complete wind power generation system. Conventionally, three-phase electrical machine is employed. But, in last two decades, the multiphase (more than three-phase) machine is replacing the conventional one. This is because of various inherent potential advantageous features present in multiphase machines, when compared with its three-phase equivalent. This includes the elimination of lower order space, resulting in lower torque pulsation, enhanced power handling capability in the same frame (approximately 175%), and higher degree of freedom with improved reliability. Hence, multiphase machines have to be explored and investigated in various operational aspects for power generation. In this chapter, a six-phase synchronous machine is selected as a potential option as generator in grid connected mode for wind power generation system. An exhaustive dynamic analysis has been presented during various working conditions. Moreover, generator has been further investigated under steady state with the inclusion of small disturbance (i.e., small signal stability) through linearized model using dq0 approach. Linearized model was used to determine the absolute stability using eigenvalue criteria wherein, the effect of parametric variation is presented, related with both stator and rotor side. It was noted that the stability of generator operation can be enhanced with increased values of stator resistance. On rotor side, with higher value of leakage reactance of field winding circuit and/or by increased resistance of damper winding along q axis.
Keywords: Wind power generation, six-phase synchronous generator, small-signal stability, dynamic analysis
1.1 Introduction
The development of human civilization resulted in a tremendous demand of electrical power with a fear of fossil fuel exhaustion within a few years. This has diverted the researcher’s attention to explore and develop the renewable resources for power generation as a potential and permanent solution in present scenario. Motivation toward the development of different types of renewable power generation (like solar, wind, biomass, and tidal) is also due to the presence of various attractive advantages, particularly pollution-free operation, free availability with economic viability, and advanced technology [1, 2]. Among the various developed options, wind power generation has been adopted worldwide and exhibits a major market share in the field of renewable resources. Presently, wind power generation system is increasing exponentially, particularly in on-shore sites of India and European subcontinents. According to report updated on Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) [3], power extraction is drastically increased by 52 GW and 60 GW by 2017 and 2020, respectively, and expected to reach a total of 840 GW by 2022.
Wind power generation system works on a successful operation and coordination of various parts, where an electric generator is an important component. Hence, the selection of suitable electrical machine (as generator) is of paramount importance for reliable operation of wind power generation system. Conventionally, three-phase electrical machine (mostly synchronous machine) is employed. But, in last two decades, the multiphase (more than three-phase) machine is replacing the conventional one. This is because of the presence of various potential advantages when compared with its three-phase equivalent. This includes the elimination of lower order space harmonics, resulting in lower torque pulsation, higher power handling capability in the same frame (approximately 175%), and higher degree of freedom with improved reliability [4]. This signifies the technical and economic suitability of using multiphase machine when compared with its three-phase equivalent. Hence, an enhanced use of multiphase drives have been reported in different high power applications, not limited to ship propulsion, electric traction, more-electric aircraft, thermal