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27Figure 27.1 EDX–SEM images showing surface morphology of hair samples (×800)...Figure 27.2 Comparison spectra of hair single fibers (EDXRF with Mo secondar...

25 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 Portable XRF and KXRF bone Pb measurements in bare condor tibia ...Figure 28.2 Clinical sampling situation from dental prostheses set in oral c...Figure 28.3 X‐ray fluorescence spectra for the Au–Ag–Pd alloy when the TM bu...Figure 28.4 The X‐ray fluorescence spectra for the Ni–Cr alloy when the TM b...Figure 28.5(a–d) The relative and overlapped WDXRF spectra of kidney stones ...Figure 28.6 Elemental mapping images of Ca, S, P, and Ni in the Ni‐implanted...Figure 28.7 TXRF calibration curves of K‐series for serum, urine, and hair s...

26 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Methods of splitting samples: (a) cone and quartering and (b) ri...Figure 29.2 Effect of the packaging density in the intensity of the radiatio...Figure 29.3 Relation between particle size of the sample and intensity of th...Figure 29.4 A representation of a Bragg's law and a diffraction crystal.Figure 29.5 Representation of the movement of a flat crystal in the X‐ray sp...Figure 29.6 Efficiency of gas proportional counter vs scintillation counter....Figure 29.7 Typical calibration curve of an element in XRF analysis.

27 Chapter 32Figure 32.1 The surface of the sample named “M7” showing the different tissu...Figure 32.2 Zn and Cu distribution along the scanning path Abraham et al. 20...Figure 32.3 Experimental setup for TXRF using synchrotron radiation Abraham ...Figure 32.4 TXRF spectra of (a) saliva and (b) gingival crevice fluid. Abrah...Figure 32.5 Image of the thin sample. Different tooth layers and the irradia...Figure 32.6 Image of the thick sample. Different tooth layers and the irradi...Figure 32.7 RIXS Residuals of the four different tooth layers for the thin s...Figure 32.8 RIXS Residuals of the four different tooth layers for the thick ...

28 Chapter 33Figure 33.1 Variation of cross‐sections for various photon‐atom interaction ...Figure 33.2 Rayleigh and Compton peaks coming from ₄₅Rh X‐ray tube source fo...Figure 33.3 Diagram of WD spectrometer showing the combination of soller sli...Figure 33.4 Picture of (a) rings and cups of different sizes, (b) sample pre...Figure 33.5 Graph of intensity correction of M emission spectra (a) Mα and (...Figure 33.6 Comparison of energy resolution of (a) LiF (200) and (b) PET (00...Figure 33.7 Relative efficiency of (a) flow proportional counter and (b) sci...Figure 33.8 Calibration curves (a)–(f) of selected Kα and Kβ₁ spectral lines...Figure 33.9 Calibration curves (a)–(f) of selected Kβ₁, Lα and Lβ₁ spectral ...Figure 33.10 Linear relation between known concentration (ppm) and the measu...Figure 33.11 Linear relation between known concentration (ppm) and the measu...Figure 33.12 Linear relation between known concentration (ppm) and the measu...Figure 33.13 Energy shift spectra of a Kα₁ and b Kα₂ emission lines of vario...Figure 33.14 Exponential relation between Intensity ratio (a) Kα₂/Kα₄ (b) KαFigure 33.15 (a) Lα emission lines of ₃₈Sr with associated satellite peaks (

29 Chapter 34Figure 34.1 Typical data structure for chemometric processing of XRF data.Figure 34.2 Geometrical interpretation of PCA. (a) Raw data in three dimensi...Figure 34.3 Example of PCA scores (a) and loadings (b) plots.Figure 34.4 Example of HCA dendrogram.Figure 34.5 Univariate and multivariate calibration.Figure 34.6 The scheme of PLS modeling.

30 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 Use of X‐ray crystallography in drug designing and diagnosis.

31 Chapter 36Figure 36.1 The electromagnetic spectrum. Higher‐frequency radiation (X‐rays...Figure 36.2 The mechanism of characteristic X‐ray generation.Figure 36.3 Arrangement for the determination of lead (Pb) in finger‐bone by...Figure 36.4 XRF spectrum of cancerous brain tissue obtained at an energy of ...Figure 36.5 Ca, Zn and Cu distribution maps in the benign tumor tissue conta...Figure 36.6 μ‐XRF elemental maps for Pb, Ca, K, Zn, P, and S of leaf cr...

32 Chapter 37Figure 37.1 X‐ray spectrum of plant ash (X‐ray spectrometer with a Si (Li)‐d...Figure 37.2 Frequency of logarithmic distribution of calcium concentrationin...

33 Chapter 38Figure 38.1 A schematic illustration of redox potential of As(V)‐As(III) and...Figure 38.2 The recovery rate of As(III) and As(V) depending on pH, taken fr...Figure 38.3 SRXRF spectrum of suspect's hair shaft measured on the BL‐4A bea...Figure 38.4 Plot of the whole spectrum of Figure 38.3, with logarithmic scal...

34 Chapter 39Figure 39.1 Schematic diagram of the X‐ray microscope elements. The power of...