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1% acetic acid (50 : 50, v/v) LC-Orbitrap-MS 72–113 20 [28] OCPs, OPPs, pyrethroids (58) SLE: Water/Acetonitrile 1% acetic acid. Extraction salts: MgSO₄ and sodium acetate Clean-up: MgSO₄, PSA & C18 GC-QqQ-MS/MS 69−119 100−5000 [61] 30-multicalss SLE: Methanol Clean-up: SPE (Oasis HLB) LC-QTRAP-MS/MS 70−120 1−10 [93] 18-multiclass SLE: Water/Acetonitrile (1 : 5, v/v) LC-QqQ-MS/MS 50−120 50 [62] Fenamidone, propamocarb SLE: Methanol or Water Clean-up: MgSO₄ & PSA LC-QqQ-MS/MS 77−108 0.4–2 [100] Oxanilic and sulfonic acid metabolites of acetochlor SLE: Acetonitrile /Water (60 : 40, v/v) LC-QqQ-MS/MS 91−120 1−2 [92] Endosulfan, chlorpyrifos and their metabolites SLE: Ethyl acetate with a 1 : 5 (w/v) soil-to-solvent ratio GC-IT-MS 76−95 10−50^b [29] Acetochlor and Propisochlor SLE: Methanol/water (1 : 1 v/v) Clean-up: PSA GC-ECD 80−116 10 [63] 10 OCPs SLE: Water/Acetonitrile Clean-up: MgSO₄ GC-QqQ-MS/MS 70−115 2−40 [106] 10 OCPs and metabolites QuEChERS. Clean-up: Sulfuric acid and florisil GC-IRMS 60−100 500 [115] 218 QuEChERS using Acetonitrile 2.5% formic acid. Extraction salts: MgSO₄ & sodium acetate LC-QqQ-MS/MS GC-QqQ-MS/MS 70−120 0.5−20 [99] Pydiflumetofen enantiomers QuEChERS Clean-up: MgSO₄ & C18 UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS 84–103 5 [97] Pyrethroid pesticide metabolite QuEChERS Clean-up: d-SPE GC-IT-MS 70−94 13 [64] 32-multiclass UAE: 40 mL of methanol–water (4 : 1 v/v). 20 minutes LC-Q-MS 60−110 1.5−5.0 [107] 25-Triazines, phenylureas, phenoxy acid pesticides PLE: Dichloromethane –acetone (1 : 1, v/v) and Acetonitrile–water (2 : 1, v/v) LC-QqQ-MS/MS 65−120 0.1−3 [95] 51 Fungicides and insecticides PLE: Methanol:acetonitrile (70 : 30, v/v) Methanol: Acetonitrile:formic acid (65 : 30:5, v/v) LC-QqQ-MS/MS 57−136 0.3−8.5 [96] 9 OPCs & PAHs MAE: Hexane/water (3 : 2 v/v) GC-QqQ-MS/MS − − [104] 8 Pesticides and metabolites DLLME LC-FD 70−120 0.07−80 [114] 8 Chiral pesticides MSPD-DLLME LC-QqQ-MS/MS 87−104 0.2−1.5 [65] 5 OPPs Deep eutectic solvent embedded sponge LC-UV-Vis − − [113]

^aAbbreviations: DLLE: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; d-SPE: Dispersive solid phase extraction; ECD: Electron capture detector; FD: Fluorescence detection; GC: Gas chromatography; HLB: Hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced; IRMS: Isotope ratio mass spectrometry; IT: Ion trap; LC: Liquid chromatography; MAE: Microwave-assisted extraction; MS: Mass spectrometry; MSPD: Matrix solid phase dispersion; MS/MS: Tandem mass spectrometry; OCPs: Organochlorine pesticides; OPPs: Organophosphorus pesticides; PAHs: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PCBs: Polychlorinated biphenyls; PLE: Pressurized liquid extraction; PSA: Primary secondary amine; Q: Single quadrupole; QqQ: Triple quadrupole; QTRAP: Hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap; SLE: Solid-liquid extraction; SPE: solid phase extraction. UAE: Ultrasonic-assisted extraction; UHPLC: Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography; UV-Vis: Ultraviolet-visible detection.

^bInstrumental method (µg l⁻¹).

The PLE method is based on the use of a solvent that is applied at high pressure and temperature through a solid or semisolid sample (e.g. soils) to effectively extract the analytes, being faster than conventional SLE. The selection of optimum experimental parameters, such as extraction temperature, flush

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