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minimal user participation are the subjects of this computing. Advances in technology have contributed to a reduction in size for smartphones and other portable devices. Ordinary mobiles and PCs have been replaced by smart phones, i-pads, laptops, and notebooks. There was also a shift in the device through which individuals access the internet. This, in turn, resulted in the configuration of sophisticated functions.
Devices were not only connected to the internet in such a situation, but also sensed, computed, and performed intelligent tasks. Later, physical items were programmed with identification tags such as bar code and RFID so that devices such as smart phones could scan them and upload their information to the internet. With the aid of a smart computer, this way of linking the real world with cyberspace contributed to the internet being called the “Internet of Things”. Figure 1.2 shows that it has its origins in mobile computing, ubiquitous computing, and IT [5]. Therefore, from the above, IoT transforms the view of connectivity from “any-time, anywhere” for “anyone” to “any-time,” any-place” for “any-thing”.
1.3 IoT Technologies
These components are essential for the deployment of IoT-based devices:
1 i) RFID: It is a tiny chip that receives signals. It helps us to use radio waves, tags, and readers for direct automatic identification and date capture. Depending on whether power supplies are available or not, RFID tags may be passive or active.
2 ii) WSN: This is a network of autonomous sensors distributed in space. Their function is to monitor the status of RFID objects’ position, temperature, motion, etc. A sensor network’s sensing nodes transmit data to their sinks.
3 iii) Middleware: Designing of a software to hide the complexities of various technologies and make communication friendly. This architecture is termed as service-oriented architecture.
4 iv) Cloud & Fog Computing: It is a computing model for accessing the on-demand pool of computers, networks, servers, storage, databases, utilities, software, etc. There are several problems with IoT cloud computing, including synchronization, standardization, balancing, reliability, and management. The extension of cloud computing services to the vicinity of users has improved efficacy with the assistance of fog computation. Fog computation includes characteristics such as location, distribution, scalability, support for mobility, interactive real-time services, and fly analysis [6].
5 v) IoT Application Software: Piece of code for the development of various industry-oriented applications. All services are provided for the same reason.
1.4 Application Areas of Internet of Things
The IoT system can be used to target specific applications from household appliances, such as automated lighting, to medical science, to life-sustaining devices, such as a monitoring system for human heartbeat. IoT has been made highly accessible with the advent of technology and is used to produce big data, which is further used by Business Intelligence systems for decision-making objectives as shown in Figure 1.3.
1 i. Smart HomesWith thousands of people per month, the people graph searching for smart homes is growing exponentially. The most interesting thing is that several businesses and start-ups are included in Smart Homes for database analysis as shown in Figure 1.4. Prominent startup names such as AlertMe or Nest, as well as a variety of multinational companies such as Philips, Haier, or Belkin etc., are included in the list of startups.Below mentioned are some of the few application areas pertaining to Smart Homes, including monitoring of energy and water supply usage to receive guidance about how to cut costs and money, remote control appliances, detection of gaps and breaches of windows and doors in order to deter intruders, and control of conditions within museums and art warehouses [7–9].Figure 1.3 IoT applications.Figure 1.4 Smart home.
2 ii. Smart CityOne of a city’s first steps towards being a Smart City is Smart Parking. It addresses a variety of problems related to parking, notifies drivers of available spaces, and when the parking period has expired. The diagonal smart parking garage has already been developed by China: a first of its kind robotic valet to move cars into a specific parking spot. It turns out that applications like waste control and water management are environmentally safe [10–13]. Figure 1.5 shows a Smart City tracks the status of the parking areas in the city, monitors vibrations and material conditions in buildings, bridges, and historical monuments, detects Wifi and Bluetooth enabled devices, measures the energy radiated by cell stations and Wi-Fi routers, enhances driving and pedestrian overpasses, monitors surveillance of vehicles and sidewalk levels, manages intelligent highways with warning messages, and takes care of climate-specific diversions and unpredictable incidents such as collisions or traffic jams.
3 iii. Smart GridIn order to enhance the efficiency, economy, and reliability of the delivery of energy, a Smart Grid effectively promises to collect knowledge on the actions of customers and electricity distributors in an automated manner. Talking precisely over a state and country, both distribution and transmission systems aim at forwarding and collecting information from nuclear power plants, thermal power plants, Smart Houses, Cities, and Factories, electric vehicles, wind power plants, solar panels, etc. to and from the Smart Grid through grid specific applications [14]. They can prevent or minimize the damage natural catastrophes create, increase the efficiency of transmitting power, and reduce financial losses as shown in Figure 1.6.Figure 1.5 Smart city.Figure 1.6 Smart grid.
4 iv. Smart RetailIoT technologies in retail offer the shopper an all-novel beginning. With the support of IoT apps, consumers will not have to wait in long lines as the transaction system can quickly read the product tags and subtract the total sum from electronic wallets. Smart Retail makes use of embedded systems which help in enhancing data-marts’ operations, sale hikes, fraud control measures, improvising shopper’s outlook, and management of inventory [15]. Physical distributors may compete more powerfully against online rivals through IoT. They will recover their lost market share and pull customers into the shop, allowing them to purchase more while saving cash.
5 v. WearablesThe most popular wearable instruments that have flooded the market are smart watches. Bluetooth, being the first of the IoT inventories, was initially used for exchanging messages between computers. With the help of IoT wearables, users can easily make calls, exchange messages, access social media platforms, and keep track of his/her health records. Like Fitbits, devices such as pacemakers and insulin pumps can also be synced with IoT for additional tracking. Wearables have hit the headlines for IoT applications, much like Smart Homes. Figure 1.7 shows the wearables.Figure 1.7 Wearables.
6 vi. Connected CarAs shown in Figure 1.8, connected car technology is kind of a star topological network comprising of different nodes, antennas, embedded systems, and technologies. This helps in navigating our complex world through communications. It is responsible for making decisions with continuity, precision, and velocity [16].A Connected Car is a car with internet connectivity and a wireless LAN that is technology-driven. This technology provides the driver with different advantages, such as in-car infotainment, advanced mapping, fuel economy, and engineering support.Figure 1.8 Connected car.
7 vii. Digital HealthHealthcare IoT will make