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“Southern Royal Albatross, Diomedea epomophora,” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018, BirdLife International, 2018, http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698314A132641187.en.
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Thomas Mattern, “New Zealand’s Mainland Yellow-Eyed Penguins Face Extinction Unless Urgent Action Taken,” University of Otago, May 17, 2017, https://www.otago.ac.nz/news/news/otago648034.html.
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P. E. Michael, R. Thomson, C. Barbraud et al., “Illegal Fishing Bycatch Overshadows Climate as a Driver of Albatross Population Decline,” Marine Ecology Progress Series 579 (September 2017): 185–99, http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps12248.
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Bugoni et al., “Marine Debris and Human Impacts on Sea Turtles in Southern Brazil.”
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Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
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A. Abreu-Grobois and P. Plotkin (IUCN SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group), “Olive Ridley, Lepidochelys olivacea,” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008, BirdLife International, http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T11534A3292503.en.
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Nathaniel L. Bindoff, William W. L. Cheung, James G. Kairo et al., “Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities,” in IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2019, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/09_SROCC_Ch05_FINAL-1.pdf.
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The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2018, http://www.fao.org/3/I9540EN/i9540en.pdf, vii.
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“Sharks,” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?query=sharkspercent20&searchType=species. Sandra Altherr and Nicola Hodgins, Small Cetaceans, Big Problems: A Global Review of the Impacts of Hunting on Small Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, Pro Wildlife, Animal Welfare Institute, and Whale and Dolphin Conservation, November 2018, https://awionline.org/sites/default/files/publication/digital_download/AWI-ML-Small-Cetaceans-Report.pdf.
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Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
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Sophia Rosenbaum, “She Recorded That Heartbreaking Turtle Video. Here’s What She Wants Companies like Starbucks to Know About Plastic Straws,” Time, July 17, 2018, https://time.com.
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Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
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Rebecca L. C. Taylor, “Bag Leakage: The Effect of Disposable Carryout Bag Regulations on Unregulated Bags,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 93 (January 2019): 254–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2019.01.001.
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Bjørn Lomborg, “Sorry, Banning Plastic Bags Won’t Save Our Planet,” The Globe and Mail, June 20, 2019, https://www.theglobeandmail.com.
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Eriksen et al., “Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea.”
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For the specific case of carbonated drinks, see Franklin Associates, Life Cycle Inventory of Three Single-Serving Soft Drink Containers, report prepared for PET Resin Association, 2009, http://www.petresin.org/pdf/FranklinLCISodaContainers2009.pdf. For a general review, see Pan Demetrakakes, “This Material, or That?” Packaging Digest, March 11, 2015, www.packagingdigest.com/beverage-packaging/material-or.
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Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
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Frida Røyne and Johanna Berlin, “The Importance of Including Service Life in the Climate Impact Comparison of Bioplastcs and Fossil-Based Plastics,” Research Institutes of Sweden, Report no. 23, 2018, http://ri.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1191391/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
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A lifecycle assessment found that an engine component storage box made from conventional plastic could last six times as long as a bioplastics box under development. Ibid.
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Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
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“Composting PLA and TPS results in higher impacts than landfilling in seven categories: smog, acidification, carcinogenics, non-carcinogenics, respiratory effects, ecotoxicity, and fossil fuel depletion.” Troy A. Hottle, Melissa M. Bilec, and Amy E. Landis, “Biopolymer Production and End of Life Comparisons Using Life Cycle Assessment,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 122 (July 2017): 295–306, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.03.002.
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Kunnika Changwichan, Thapat Silalertruksa, and Shabbir H. Gheewala, “Eco-Efficiency Assessment of Bioplastics Production Systems and Endof-Life Options,” Sustainability 10, no. 4 (March 2018): 952, https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040952.
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Daniel Posen, Paulina Jaramillo, Amy E. Landis, and W. Michael Griffin, “Greenhouse Gas Mitigation for U.S. Plastics Production: Energy First, Feedstocks Later,” Environmental Research Letters 12, no. 3 (December 2017), https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa60a7.
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Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
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Marydele Donnelly, “Trade Routes for Tortoiseshell,” State of the World’s Sea Turtles (SWOT), Report Volume 3, February 1, 2008, https://www.seaturtlestatus.org/articles/2008/trade-routes-for-tortoiseshell. Associated Press, “Japan Agrees to End Endangered Hawksbill Turtle Imports After ’92,” Los Angeles Times, June 19, 1991, https://www.latimes.com.
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Tina Deines, “Endangered hawksbill turtle shell trade is much bigger than scientists ever suspected,” National Geographic, March 27, 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com.
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Christine Figgener (sea turtle biologist) in conversation with the author, November 6, 2019.
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“World’s Biggest Producer of Plastic to Curtail Its Use,” Bloomberg News, January 19, 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com
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