Book 1 of Plato's Republic. Drew A. MannetterЧитать онлайн книгу.
active, indicative of ϵἶπον (L.S. ϵἶπον). Main verb of the (second) complex coordinate clause: ϵἶπϵν … Πϵιραιᾶ (S. 2162). The verb introduces the oratio recta (S. 2590). The moveable -ν is added to third person singular verbs ending in -ϵ when the next word begins with a vowel (S. 134).
῏Ω Σώκρατϵς: Vocative; the vocative forms an incomplete sentence (S. 1283). ῏Ω: The exclamation is used with the vocative (S. 1284). Σώκρατϵς: The noun Σωκράτης uses the pure stem in the vocative (S. 248). The vocative is normally found in the interior of a sentence (S. 1285).
οὐδὲ: The adverb is here used as an emphatic negative (D. οὐδέ, pg. 197). Denniston notes that in this instance “οὐδέ is generally considered corrupt: οὔ τι Ast. Schneider supposes an ellipse, “Tu neque alia facis, quae debebas, neque nostram domum frequentas”. [“you neither do other things which you ought, nor do often come to our house” supplying a previous οὐδέ (neque … neque) to balance and mean “neither … nor”] … but Adam may be right in retaining it, comparing R.587c.” (D. οὐδέ, pg. 198).
θαμίζϵις: Second person, singular, present, active, indicative of θαμίζω (S. 383). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). The subject σύ is not expressed but implied in the verb; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 929, 1190).
ἡμῖν: Plural, dative of the personal pronoun ἡμϵῖς (S. 325). Dative of advantage; with verbs of motion (θαμίζϵις) the “dative of the person to whom” is properly a dative of advantage (S. 1485).
καταβαίνων: Singular, masculine nominative, present, active, circumstantial participle of καταβαίνω modifying σύ, the implied subject of θαμίζϵις (S. 2042, 2054). The present tense of the participle denotes continual action and is generally coincident to that of the leading verb (S. 1872.a).
ϵἰς τὸν Πϵιραιᾶ: Prepositional phrase; ϵἰς with the accusative here means “into, to” (S. 1686.1.a). τὸν: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).
χρῆν: Third person, singular, imperfect, indicative, quasi-impersonal verb; the indeclinable substantive χρὴ (“necessity”) is combined with the imperfect verb ἦν (χρὴ + ἦν = χρῆν) (S. 793). Main verb of the simple sentence (S. 903). Supply σὲ καταβαίνϵιν (“that you come down”) as the subject of the quasi-impersonal verb (S. 1985). With the imperfect indicative of impersonal expressions denoting obligation, propriety, necessity, or possibility, the action of a dependent infinitive is usually not realized (S. 1774).
μέντοι: The postpositive particle is here affirmative or emphatic; μέν denotes objective certainty while τοι brings the truth home to another person (D. μέντοι, pg. 399).
ϵἰ μὲν γὰρ ἐγὼ ἔτι ἐν δυνάμϵι ἦν τοῦ ῥᾳδίως πορϵύϵσθαι πρὸς τὸ ἄστυ, οὐδὲν ἄν σϵ ἔδϵι δϵῦρο ἰέναι, ἀλλ´ ἡμϵῖς ἂν παρὰ σὲ ᾖμϵν· (328.c-d)
| ἀλλά: but.ἄν: would.ἄστυ, -ϵως, τό: town.δϵῖ: there is need.δϵῦρο: hither, here.δύναμις, -ϵως, ἡ: bodily strength, ability.ἐγώ, ϵμοῦ: I, of me.ϵἰ γάρ: if only.ϵἰμί (ἐν): to be (in a certain state), have.ϵἶμι: to come, go.ἐν (+ dat.): in. | ἔτι: yet, as yet, still.ἡμϵῖς, ἡμῶν: we, of us.μὲν … (δέ): indeed … (but), whereas … (but).οὐδέν: not at all.παρά (+ acc.): to.πορϵύομαι: to go, walk.πρός (+ acc.): towards, to.ῥᾳδίως: easily, readily.σύ, σοῦ: you, of you.τό, τοῦ: the. |
ϵἰ … ἦν … ἄν … ἔδϵι … ἀλλ´ … ἂν … ᾖμϵν: A present, unreal conditional statement; the protasis is formed by the conjunction ϵἰ with the imperfect indicative and the apodosis by the imperfect indicative with the particle ἄν (S. 2302).
ϵἰ … ἄστυ: The protasis of the conditional statement (S. 2282). In a present, unreal condition the protasis implies that the supposition cannot be realized because it is contrary to a known fact (S. 2302).
μὲν … (δέ): The two particles μὲν … δέ (δέ being picked up in the next sentence) draw a contrast between the two sentences (S. 2904).
ϵἰ … γὰρ: The combination of particles introduces the idea of a wish (D. γάρ, pg. 89). ϵἰ: The conjunction introduces the protasis (S. 2282). γὰρ: The postpositive particle is used to strengthen a wish (D. γάρ, pg. 90).
ἐγὼ: Singular, nominative of the personal pronoun ἐγώ (S. 325). Nominative subject of ἦν (S. 927, 938). The nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic (S. 1190).
ἔτι: Adverb of time (S. 341, 1094).
ἐν δυνάμϵι: Prepositional phrase; ἐν with the dative here means “with” (S. 1687.c). δυνάμϵι: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition (S. 1128).
ἦν: First person, singular, imperfect, indicative of ϵἰμί (S. 768). Main verb of the protasis (S. 2173).
τοῦ ῥᾳδίως πορϵύϵσθαι πρὸς τὸ ἄστυ: The article with the infinitive forms an articular infinitive (S. 2025). The genitive here is used to limit the meaning of the noun δυνάμϵι (“of easily coming to the city”) (S. 2032.b). τοῦ: The singular, neuter, genitive article introduces the articular infinitive (S. 1153.f). ῥᾳδίως: Adverb of manner (S. 343, 1094). πορϵύϵσθαι: Present, middle infinitive of πορϵύω (S. 383). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865). πρὸς τὸ ἄστυ: Prepositional phrase; πρός with the accusative here means “towards, to” (S. 1695.3.a). τὸ: The article is very often omitted in phrases containing a preposition but not here (S. 1128).
οὐδὲν … ᾖμϵν: The apodosis of the conditional statement (S. 2280). The apodosis states what would be the result if the conditional were realized (S. 2302).
οὐδὲν: Singular, neuter, accusative of the pronomial adjective οὐδϵίς used as an adverb (S. 337, 1609).
ἄν … ἔδϵι: Main verb of the (first) simple coordinate clause in the apodosis: οὐδὲν … ἰέναι (S. 2162). ἄν: The particle is used in the apodosis to denote the non-fulfillment of the condition (S. 2284). The grave accent on the oxytone is not changed to an acute when followed by an enclitic (S.145.a). ἔδϵι: Third person, singular, imperfect, active, indicative of δϵῖ (L.S. δϵῖ). Quasi-impersonal verb; the following accusative/infinitive functions as the subject (S. 1984-85).
σϵ … ἰέναι: The accusative/infinitive functions as the subject of the quasi-impersonal verb ἔδϵι (S. 1984-85). σϵ: Singular, accusative, enclitic form of the personal pronoun σύ (S. 325). The enclitic loses its accent after the oxytone ἄν (S. 183.a). ἰέναι: Present infinitive of ϵἶμι (S. 773). The present tense of the infinitive denotes continual action (S. 1865).
δϵῦρο: Adverb (S. 341, 1094).
ἀλλ´: Adversative conjunction connecting the two coordinate clauses (S. 2775). Elision of ἀλλὰ (S. 70).
ἡμϵῖς: Plural, nominative personal pronoun; the nominative of the personal pronoun is usually omitted except when emphatic