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Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Chris BinnsЧитать онлайн книгу.

Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology - Chris Binns


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target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="#u89edbc4f-68f9-5219-9902-308c993b6751">Chapter 9.

      There is a scientific debate about whether this technology is feasible, even in the long term, or indeed desirable, but the discussion has moved on from generalities to a consideration of the detailed processes required for molecular manufacturing (see Chapter 9 and the references therein). A frequently proposed argument in favor of radical nanotechnology is that it already exists in all living things. Biological cells are filled with what may be regarded as nano‐machines and molecular assemblers. Biology, however, is very different to the nanoscale process‐engineering path envisaged by radical nanotechnologists, as explained in Soft Machines [2]. It is fair to say that both the feasibility and timescale of radical nanotechnology divides the community. The point is that, while incremental nanotechnology exists and evolutionary nanotechnology is just coming into the frame, radical nanotechnology, if feasible, is probably decades away. Whatever the twists and turns of the debate, once we get away from the argument over nanobots, there is no doubt that the ability to produce nano‐machines and achieve safe non‐exponential molecular manufacturing will reap enormous benefits.

      It is possible that the solution to some of the more difficult technological problems involved with radical nanotechnology may arise from a better fundamental understanding of the true nature of empty space. Quantum theory predicts new types of force at very short distance scales (nanometers) arising directly out of the quantum properties of vacuum. Although we can only detect these forces with very sensitive instruments (the tools of nanotechnology in fact – see Chapter 10), to a nanoscale machine whose components are within nanometers of each other, these forces will be as natural as a part of their environment as gravity is to us. Research on these forces and how to utilise them in nanotechnology is already being undertaken by several research groups worldwide. This may be one of the missing links between biology and radical nanotechnology, that is, natural systems, whose inner workings happen on the same scale as nanomachines have evolved over billions of years and must have utilised all available forces including the exotic ones.

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      Source: Images reproduced from [10] under creative commons license CC BY‐SA 4.0.

      The two approaches (top–down and bottom–up) are complementary, and some of the most exciting research arises out of combining them. For example, if one wants to measure the electrical or magnetic properties of an individual nanoparticle, the fantastic precision of a modern top–down tool enables the production of electrodes that can attach to it. An example is demonstrated in Figure I.7, which shows source, drain, and gate electrodes, produced by electron‐beam lithography (see Chapter 5, Section 5.2.1) applied to a single gold nanoparticle acting as a SET, as described earlier.


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