The History of almost Everything. Practical guide of the eaters of Time. Lim WordЧитать онлайн книгу.
is interrupted by a Norman native William the First Conqueror.
Through the century, the Saxons lose their original liberties and turn into classical serfs, the so-called «serfs». villans. Thanks to diligent military service, some of them become free people, that is, «Fremen» and, in particular, «freeholders» – «free farmers».
In 1100, elected King with some violations of the feudal inheritance rights, to attract the sympathies of the feudal lords of the church, and all free people, Henry the First presents the first edition of the Volunteer’s proclamation. The rights, privileges of representatives of different sectors of society, mutual obligations of the state and the individual, litigation, various monetary payments, duties, are strictly regulated. The proclamation is a success, overgrown with additions to the next kings, until the appearance, in 1199, on the English throne of John the Landless. His reforms ultimately lead to the establishment of royal arbitrariness, the collection of all new taxes for war (sometimes even not started), various, astonishing fines, restriction of movement, disregard for established customs and, in fact, civil society. In 1207, the outcast monarch expels, appointed by the Pope Innocent III, the head of the English church of the cardinal, and receives an interdict (prohibition of church actions and claims) throughout the country, and, later, personal excommunication from the church. Unchecked children, illegitimate marriages, and untimely dead bodies exert a proper action on the English. The struggle with the Roman Church, as well as with its people (far from immediately), the top of the earthly power is losing. In fact, thanks to this kind of opposition, by 1215, England becomes the first country of law and law on the planet.
The basis of the English (universal) right to this day is the principle of the subordination of power to law under the threat of legitimate armed rebuff on the part of the population
…Plantagenets. The most famous representative of this dynasty is Richard the Lionheart. The third crusade allows Richard to come close to Jerusalem, already panicked, inclined to unconditional surrender. But, preoccupied with internal political problems, hardened from the slaughter of captives in Acre, the king does not believe in the favor of heaven and misses his chance.
After the first defeats the Arab tribes are rallying together, the role of discipline sharply increases in their troops, it becomes increasingly difficult to fight the crusaders.
The dynasties of England and France are mixed. To say: «At such and such a period England is ruled by the Plantagenet dynasty» is not entirely correct. Thus, for example, the Hundred Years’ War at one hundred and sixteen years with interruptions was initiated by the English King Edward the Third, because of his belonging to, rather French, Capetians, who have the right to the throne of France.
The main battles of the war – the battles of Crecy, Poitiers and Azencourt, are quite similar. French troops overtake a relatively small British invasion army. The weary knights, urged by the orders of the impatient king, come into battle with the march; they are shot from two-meter yew bows with arrows with the tips of the «nidlbodkin» and finish off the archers.
After a decade of slaughter, the epidemic of the plague bursts (the peak of the epidemic in 1348); residents are extremely constrained in the besieged cities, they do not care about the hygiene of the body in principle, the streets are full of sewage and rats. «Black Death» takes up to half the inhabitants of Europe, shattering its rigid social hierarchy (including serfdom), and even religious principles.
After such a terrible respite, the fighting is resumed.
Many residents of northern France are already beginning to consider themselves to be English. French nobles impose additional taxes, which leads to Jacqueria, the uprising of «Jacobs-simpletons», much more powerless than the English farmers – squires. In the first half of the fourteenth century, the morale of the French is resurrected by Joan of Arc. England gradually loses possession on the continent, the latter loses the port of Calais, near the narrowest part of the Channel.
But, the English, whose country, unlike the two-thirds of France’s population, is in perfect order, wish the continuation of the lists. The branch of the Plantagenet dynasty, Yorkie, disputes the crown at the Lancaster house. The thirty-year rivalry of the red (Lancaster) and white (Yorkie) emblematic roses begins.
…In the middle of the fourteenth century, after the death of the last king in the battle from the Lancaster, Richard III and the announcement of the heir to the house of the Yorkers illegitimate, Henry the Seventh Tudor is crowned. In his veins there are drops of Lancaster blood, he marries Elizabeth of York (of course, York), and thus unites the feuding dynasties. The new Tudor emblem combines red and white colors in a single complex rose. These twenty-four years of the reign are celebrated in the patrimonial memory of the English as a universal, cloudless idyll. Peasants become massively free, serfdom is replaced by land: the volume of state obligations is strictly fixed. The estates seem to find a common language among themselves, on the basis of religion and financial success, live in sweet harmony. However, the era of Old Good England ends with the ascent to the throne of the prototype of Bluebeard, Henry the Eighth. For the sake of marriage with her concubine Anna Boleyn and a light divorce with a bored old wife, the king issues a law on the change of state religion. The principle begins to work: cujus regio, ejus religio – whose authority, that and faith. In Russian transcription, this questionable rule sounds something like this: kujus irejjo, eidus ereligio
The head of the Church of England, more Protestant than Catholic, becomes the monarch himself, and this situation is still preserved. Catholic churches, monasteries, including the now fascinating Glastonbury Abbey, even with its ruins, are demolished and put on rubble for paving roads. The policy of enclosing the former monastic lands leads to the fact that agriculture is redirected to the production of wool, and the multiplied sheep «eat people». Where two hundred peasants lived comfortably, only three or four shepherds remain. Unemployed, «paupers», without unnecessary proceedings are sent to hard labor or a gallows. In total, during the reign of Henry the Eighth, seventy-two thousand people were executed, three percent of the population of England.
Maria, the daughter of Henry, the first lady who has been on the throne for a long time, restores Catholicism, reconciles with the Pope, and for a time receives the support of the people. But, bonfires, rampant executions, including the massacre of their timid predecessor, the «queen of ten days», sixteen-year-old Jane Gray, do not increase the popularity of the monarch; as well as a dynastic marriage with the prickly Spanish Prince Philip. Mary, now «Bloody» is dying of fever, leaving no direct heirs to the country…
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1. The emblem of the Lancaster is a scarlet rose.
2. Rose of York.
3. The combined red-white rose of the Tudor dynasty.
4. Henry Seventh Tudor, King of England and the Sovereign of Ireland by right of conquest, founder of the dynasty (1457 – 1509).
5. Henry VIII (Henry VIII), the third child of Henry the Seventh, «The Bluebeard,» the head of the Church of England (1491 – 1547). With two wives from six divorced,