The History of almost Everything. Practical guide of the eaters of Time. Lim WordЧитать онлайн книгу.
great khan – Kagan. At the same time, the conqueror obtains the title «Genghis Khan» – «Lord of the boundless sea». New orders are mixed by clans, tribes, nomads; According to Yasa, the people are divided into hundreds, thousands and tugens (tens of thousands). People, now called in one word – «arats», are attached to the ground and, in effect, are enslaved. In 1207, the southern part of Siberia was conquered. 1213 was marked by the invasion of China (state and dynasty – Jin). The next target is Central Asia, Northern Iran, and the Caucasus. The Baghdad Caliphate and the state of Khorezmshah are entrenched. On the river Kalka (present Donetsk region), the combined Russian and Polovtsian forces are defeated. Then, subjected to attacks from ambushes, the Mongolian troops are defeated in the so-called. The Volga Bulgaria. Six years later they return and restore their reputation.
The goal of most military campaigns at that time was simply war, self-expression of the individual through destruction and murder. Often to substantiate large-scale incursions, embassies are used from people sentenced to death for any crimes; they are supposed to provoke an enemy army to destroy their own delegation. The killing of ambassadors is the best reason for unleashing a conflict.
In 1225, the most famous son of Genghis Khan, Juchi, is killed, accused of treason. The next year Temujin passes with the army once again over Western China, finally conquers the Celestial Empire, but, in 1227, dies. The successor is the son of Ugedei, from his first wife, Borte.
The son of Juchi, Batu (Batu), almost completely destroys Southern Russia, turning it into the «Wild Field» for centuries, lays tribute to the northern Russian principalities, invades Eastern Europe. He is conquered by Poland, Hungary, part of the current German lands. Then, deciding that the Mongolian troops in Europe is too crowded, Batu turns back.
In 1320, during the reign of Khan Uzbek, Islam became the official religion of the Empire. Gradually, the state breaks up into the Golden, Blue, White, Great, etc., the Horde.
…The descendants of Genghis Khan from his first marriage (four sons, five daughters), the so-called Chingizids, rule the gradually shrinking, self-consuming Mongol Empire until the twenties of the twentieth century. Altogether Temujin has 26 official wives, from the princes of conquered peoples (four are «senior»), and 2 thousand concubines.
The empire of Genghis Khan is insanely great. However, the conquerors do not build anything new, more perfect. From their capital – the Karakorum, to this day there are only a few mounds and stone turtles, next to several unpretentious modern buildings. The state system of the eternal military is dull enough, it denies any social or cultural activity of the so-called «common man». Therefore, after a hundred years, the Empire of the Mongols is exhausted, and the borders of all new states are drawn in its body.
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1. Mongolian Empire mid-thirteenth century, the area exceeds the territory of Ancient Rome era of its heyday almost doubled.
2. The superpower of Amir Timur, who destroyed the majority of flourishing Muslim states, extremely weakened the Ottoman Empire.
Tamerlane (Iron Chromec), or Timur ibn Taragai Barlas (from the Turkized Mongolian tribe barlas) is one of the new conquerors, and the most famous. The founder of the dynasty of the Timurids, 1336—1405. He was born in the territory of modern Uzbekistan (south-eastern part of the country), according to legend, from a wolf who entered the mother’s bedroom. For some time, Timur is involved in a series of internecine wars in the territories of modern Iran and Afghanistan, where he loses two fingers on his right hand, damages the knee cap of his right leg. In 1370, he gained a number of major victories and, taking as his wife the captive widow of the defeated enemy, Emir Hussein, the daughter of Genghis Khazan Khan, Sarai-mulk khanim, adds to his name the title «kurgan», i.e. «Khan’s son-in-law». From now on, it is almost equal to Chingizids, although, nevertheless, the «Khan», according to existing rules, has no right to be called. However, it seems, he is quite satisfied with the title of the Great Emir («Lord»).
The capital of the new state of Turan (lit. – «Unification of the tribes») is Samarkand.
Tamerlan continues his campaigns and, by 1384, captures almost all of Persia. In the North, in the struggle of the Blue, White, Golden Hordes, he supports the Khan Tokhtamysh, however, he, having strengthened, takes a very hostile attitude towards his patron. For some time, Timur rushes between the still not conquered western Persia and the Golden Horde, on the Irtysh and the Volga, smashing enemies in 1389. Since 1392, a new large-scale expansion follows. Tamerlan’s troops are stormed by Baghdad, occupy Persia, fall on the Transcaucasus. In the Daryal Gorge – «Gateway of the Caucasus», constrained by rocks, the soldiers of Timur are defeated. Iron Chromete abandons this direction, for the third time it breaks the army of Tokhtamysh, now on the Terek River, pursuing the enemy, it invades Ryazan and reaches the present Tula region. However, on August 26, 1395, for an unknown reason, Timur turns back.
The Russian lands, thoroughly ruined thirteen years ago by Tokhtamysh, are not the primary goal of the Great Emir. In the book of his victories «Zafar-name», Moscow was also noted, but perhaps it is only a sign that the city sent the appropriate gifts in time.
Timur captures, destroys the city of Tana (Azov), Saray-Batu, Astrakhan, Kafu (Theodosia) and, in 1396 returns to Samarkand. After resting for two years, he goes to India, where he captures Delhi, executes «one hundred thousand prisoners of Indian soldiers» just in case, reaches the banks of the Ganges and, without establishing, in effect, his strong power, returns to Samarkand with a rich booty.
Not everything is in order and left without personal supervision of the Great Emir to Iran. In fact, the former power is restored there. Timur sweeps along the rebellious Persia, then storms Damascus (1401), captures all of Syria. A year later, on the outskirts of modern Ankara, a grandiose battle will be waged with the troops of the Ottoman Sultan Bayazid the First Lightning. Tamerlane lures out the 85,000-strong Ottoman army to the plain, to its 140,000-strong army, mostly hardened in cavalry battles. The outcome of the battle: the Turks (and also the number called the vassal Serbs) lose 15—40 thousand people, while killing 15—25 thousand soldiers of Timur. Bayazid is captivated, the Ottoman Empire is falling into the abyss of civil strife and peasant war. The kings of England, France and Castile congratulate Tamerlane.
In 1404 Timur prepares a march to China, begins a slow advance, the construction of fortresses and warehouses, but, because of the cold winter, stops. February 1405 is marked by the death of the Great Emir.
Timur wished, above all, to become the sole ruler of the Muslim world. However, in essence, destroyed it. Yes, a number of masters, scientists, collected Khromtsom in his beloved Samarkand. However, on the remaining lands of the Empire tens and hundreds of years more ruined in the rain and wind of the ruins of great cities, and the fields with skulls remain uncultivated.
In the middle of the fifteenth century, the empire is shrinking, but somewhat stabilized. At this time, together with his father, ruled by a great scientist, mathematician and astronomer, Timurid Ulugbek (exact name is unknown, this title). He is overthrown by his own son, but a year later he himself is deprived of life. Timurid Abu-Seyid, seeking to suppress internecine strife, invites nomadic Uzbeks to the state. Those obey the will of the Timurids for a short time and, in 1501, seize Samarkand, displacing the last representative of the dynasty, Babur.
Babur has to look for a new homeland. In 1504 he seized Kabul and, using it as a military base, undertook a campaign to India. Fifteen thousand well-trained soldiers with unusual guns for that time are enough to frighten elephants, crush twice the size of the army of the Sultan of Delhi. Actually, Islam in India is spread from the eleventh century, except for some southern regions, so that the soil for fresh, not noted in internal conflicts, the Muslim dynasty, is here fully prepared.
Great Moguls, they are