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о ситуации в то время см. сборник эссе N. Lenski (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine (rev. edn, Cambridge, 2012).
192
Sozomen, Ekklesiastike Historia, ed. J. Bidez, Sozomenus: Kirchengeschichte (Berlin, 1995), 2.3, р. 52.
193
Eusebius, Bios tou megalou Konstantinou, 2.44, р. 66.
194
A. Lee, ‘Traditional Religions’, in Lenski, Age of Constantine, рр. 159–180.
195
Codex Theodosianus, tr. C. Pharr, The Theodosian Code and Novels and the Simondian Constitutions (Princeton, 1952), 15.12, р. 436.
196
Eusebius, Bios tou megalou Konstantinou, 3.27–8, р. 96.
197
Там же, 3.31–2, р. 99.
198
Р. Sarris, Empires of Faith (Oxford, 2012), р. 22–23.
199
Eusebius, Vita Constantini, 4.13, р. 125; перевод в Dodgeon and Lieu (eds), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars A. D. 226–363: A Documentary History (London, 1991), р. 152. Даты см. в G. Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton, 1993), рр. 94–99.
200
J. Eadie, ‘The Transformation of the Eastern Frontier 260–305’, in R. Mathisen and H. Sivan (eds), Shifting Frontiers in Late Antiquity (Aldershot, 1996), рр. 72–82; M. Konrad, ‘Research on the Roman and Early Byzantine Frontier in North Syria’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 12 (1999), рр. 392–410.
201
Sterk, ‘Mission from Below’, рр. 10–11.
202
Eusebius, Vita Constantini, 5.56, р. 143; 5.62, рр. 145–146.
203
T. Barnes, ‘Constantine and the Christians of Persia’, Journal of Roman Studies 75 (1985), р. 132.
204
Aphrahat, Demonstrations, M. – J. Pierre, Aphraate le sage person: les exposés (Paris, 1988–1989), no. 5.
205
J. Walker, The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq (Berkeley, 2006), 6, р. 22.
206
См. в целом J. Rist, ‘Die Verfolgung der Christen im spätkirchen Sasanidenreich: Ursachen, Verlauf, und Folgen’, Oriens Christianus 80 (1996), рр. 17–42. Доказательства не без проблем интерпретации – S. Brock, ‘Saints in Syriac: A Little-Tapped Resource’, Journal of East Christian Studies 16.2 (2008), рр. 184–186.
207
J. Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, 500 BC to 650 AD (London, 2001), р. 202.
208
O. Knottnerus, ‘Malaria in den Nordseemarschen: Gedanken über Mensch und Umwelt’, in M. Jakubowski-Tiessen and J. Lorenzen-Schmidt, Dünger und Dynamit: Beiträge zur Umweltgeschichte Schleswig-Holsteins und Dänemarks (Neumünster, 1999), рр. 25–39; Р. Sorrel et al., ‘Climate Variability in the Aral Sea Basin (Central Asia) during the Late Holocene Based on Vegetation Changes’, Quaternary Research 67.3 (2007), рр. 357–370; H. Oberhänsli et al., ‘Variability in Precipitation, Temperature and River Runoff in W. Central Asia during the Past ~2000 Yrs’, Global and Planetary Change 76 (2011), рр. 95–104; O. Savoskul and O. Solomina, ‘Late-Holocene Glacier Variations in the Frontal and Inner Ranges of the Tian Shan, Central Asia’, Holocene 6.1 (1996), рр. 25–35.
209
N. Sims-Williams, ‘Sogdian Ancient Letter II’, in A. Juliano and J. Lerner (eds), Monks and Merchants: Silk Road Treasures from Northern China: Gansu and Ningxia 4th–7th Century (New York, 2001), рр. 47–49. Также см. F. Grenet and N. Sims-Williams, ‘The Historical Context of the Sogdian Ancient Letters’, Transition Periods in Iranian History, Studia Iranica 5 (1987), рр. 101–122; N. Sims-Williams, ‘Towards a New Edition of the Sogdian Letters’, in E. Trembert and E. de la Vaissière (eds), Les Sogdiens en Chine (Paris, 2005), рр. 181–193.
210
E. de la Vaissière, ‘Huns et Xiongnu’, Central Asiatic Journal 49.1 (2005), рр. 3–26.
211
Р. Heather, Empires and Barbarians (London, 2009), рр. 151–188; A. Poulter, ‘Cataclysm on the Lower Danube: The Destruction of a Complex Roman Landscape’, in N. Christie (ed.), Landscapes of Change: Rural Evolutions in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Aldershot, 2004), рр. 223–254.
212
См. F. Grenet, ‘Crise et sortie de crise en Bactriane-Sogdiane aux IVe – Ve s de n.è.: de l’héritage antique à l’adoption de modèles sassanides’, in La Persia e l’Asia Centrale da Alessandro al X secolo. Atti dei Convegni Lincei 127 (Rome, 1996), рр. 367–390; de la Vaissière, Sogdian Traders, рр. 97–103.
213
G. Greatrex and S. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, Part II, AD 363–630 (London, 2002), рр. 17–19; O. Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns (Los Angeles, 1973), р. 58.
214
Ученые долго спорили о датировании этого строения, J. Nokandeh et al., ‘Linear Barriers of Northern Iran: The Great Wall of Gorgan and the Wall of Tammishe’, Iran 44 (2006), рр. 121–173.
215
J. Howard-Johnston, ‘The Two Great Powers in Late Antiquity: A Comparison’, in A. Cameron, G. King and J. Haldon (eds), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, 3 vols (Princeton, 1992–1996), 3, рр. 190–197.
216
R. Blockley, ‘Subsidies and Diplomacy: Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity’, Phoenix 39 (1985), рр. 66–67.
217
Greatrex and Lieu, Roman Eastern Frontier, рр. 32–33.
218
См. Heather, Fall of the Roman Empire, рр. 191–250.
219
St Jerome, ‘Ad Principiam’, Select Letters of St Jerome, ed. and tr. F. Wright (Cambridge, MA, 1933), 127, р. 462.
220
Jordanes,