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Process Intensification and Integration for Sustainable Design. Группа авторовЧитать онлайн книгу.

Process Intensification and Integration for Sustainable Design - Группа авторов


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11.3 Haynesville LA and TX 11.0 Eagle Ford TX 7.1 Woodford OK 5.0 Barnett TX 4.4 Mississippian OK 3.8 Niobrara–Codell CO and WY 3.4 Bakken ND and MT 2.7 Fayetteville AR 2.3 Rest of the United States “shale” 4.0

      Source: From EIA 2015 [13].

Country Unproved recoverable reserves by 2013 (Tcf) Production in 2018 (Bcf/yr) References
China 1115.20 353.15 [8]
Argentina 801.50 365.00 [9]
Algeria 706.90 No production [10]
United States 662.50 (by 2015) 7079.62 [4]
Canada 572.90 182.80 [11]
Mexico 545.20 No production [12]

      The high availability of natural gas, generated as a result of the increasing production of shale gas, has caused a noticeable drop of its price in the United States. Moreover, the ability to extract natural gas from deposits that are not associated to crude oil reservoirs has uncoupled natural gas and crude oil prices [1]. These facts have contributed to what has been defined as the new era of cheap natural gas, in which it has been priced consistently under US$5 per million Btu for almost a decade in the United States [15]. In particular, natural gas prices in 2019 have shown a decrease from 3.18 at the beginning of the year to US$2.07 per million Btu in September [16]. Even more, in an extreme situation, producers at the Waha hub in the Permian basin in West Texas had to pay the pipeline to take the excess of gas, showing a negative US$9 in April, which contributed to an average price of only 73 cents per million Btu for the first eight months of 2019, compared with an average market price of US$2.10 in 2018 (which is also lower than the five year average from 2014 to 2018 of US$2.80) [17]. These trends create an opportunity for the development of technologies to transform shale/natural gas into value‐added chemicals. One additional point to consider is the increasing amount of liquefied natural gas that is being exported from the United States [18]. As this quantity grows, international natural gas prices may also get affected.

      The main consumers of natural gas are the electricity generation industry, the residential sector, the industrial sector, and the chemical industry. Low natural gas prices have incentivized the electric power plants to switch from coal to natural gas, with an impact not only on the economy of these systems but also on the environment by reducing the total greenhouse gas emissions [1].

      Due to the increasing availability of low‐cost natural gas, the chemical industry has started to invest in the research and development of chemical routes that can transform methane into value‐added chemicals. Some of the chemical compounds that have received special attention are methanol, ethylene, propylene, and liquid fuels obtained from syngas. Some of the processes to produce the aforementioned chemicals are discussed next.

      Source: Adapted from Noureldin et al. 2014 [20].

Reforming option Oxidizing agent Conditions Chemistry Type

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