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Process Intensification and Integration for Sustainable Design. Группа авторовЧитать онлайн книгу.

Process Intensification and Integration for Sustainable Design - Группа авторов


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Integration

      These 14 chapters cover some of the most recent and important developments in process intensification and process integration. We hope the book will serve as a useful guide for researchers and industrial practitioners who seek to develop tools and applications for process improvement and sustainable development.

       Dominic C. Y. Foo

       Mahmoud M. El‐Halwagi

      Kajang, Malaysia

      College Station, United States

      January 2020

       Andrea P. Ortiz‐Espinozaand Arturo Jiménez‐Gutiérrez

       Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Chemical Engineering Department, Ave Tecnologico y Garcia Cubas, Celaya, 38010, Mexico

      Shale gas is unconventional natural gas trapped or adsorbed in shale rock formations. As opposed to conventional natural gas, shale gas is difficult to extract because of the low porosity of the rock formations in which it is confined. This particular characteristic implied a high cost for the extraction of this gas, so that its production remained unfeasible until the development of more suitable extraction technologies, such as hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling [1]. Hydraulic fracturing is a stimulation technique used to increase the flow rate of gas and oil in low permeability reservoirs. This method consists in injecting high‐pressurized fluids into the well to create fractures and maintain them opened to allow the flux of gas and oil [1,2]. Hydraulic fracturing is generally combined with horizontal drilling to increase the area covered with a lower number of wells. These two technologies have led to an increase in the net production of natural gas in the United States (US) for more than a decade, which has been referred to as the shale gas revolution [1,3].

      The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of shale gas and its potential to produce value‐added chemicals. This chapter addresses the following aspects: shale gas composition and places where deposits are located, effect of shale gas discoveries on natural gas prices, alternatives to produce chemicals from shale gas, and opportunities for process intensification.

      Source: Adapted from EIA 2018 [4].


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Яндекс.Метрика
Shale play State(s) Percentage of dry shale gas production in 2018
Marcellus PA, WV, OH, and NY 32.7
Permian TX and NM 12.3
Utica OH, PA, and WV