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In this way, chitin is usually used as a coating material for cellulosic, nylons, cotton, and wool fibers. The use of these modified fibers includes the production of wound dressings, medical textiles, sanitary absorbents, underwear, and waterproof textiles [207].
Chitinous polysaccharides are antimicrobial and have metal ion absorption capacity, features that make these biomaterials also valuable to agricultural products. These polysaccharides are considered valuable alternatives to synthetic chemical agents (bactericides), due to their antibacterial activity. There are several reports showing the role of chitinous polysaccharides in some fruit and vegetable resistance against fungal infections [207,217,224] (Table 2.4). Moreover, it was also reported that chitin can retain nutrients in the soil [234]. Another application of chitinous polysaccharides in agriculture is as a metal and mineral absorbent for the clarification of wines [253].
The metal absorption capacity of chitinous polysaccharides also enables their use in wastewater treatment and bioremediation. For example, chitosan and CGC have the ability to remove copper, nickel, zinc, or cobalt ions from wastewater [241,254].
2.8 Microbial Polysaccharides: A World of Opportunities
Microbial polysaccharides are characterized by a range of valuable properties that render them suitable for broad areas of applications, including high‐value market niches like cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biomedicine. Such biopolymers often possess novel or improved properties compared with synthetic polysaccharides, as well as those obtained from other natural sources (e.g. plants, algae, and animals). Besides their already established uses mostly as rheology modifiers, texturing agents, and bioemulsifiers, many microbial polysaccharides are currently arising as relevant bioactive materials displaying antioxidant, antitumor, immune enhancer, antiaging, and cholesterol lowering, which render them potentially suitable for the development of novel pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetic products. Moreover, there is intense research related to their use in biopolymeric structures (e.g. hydrogels, bionanocomposites, etc.) possessing advantageous properties compared with other commercial materials. There are a growing number of reports on the isolation of new microbial sources that synthesize polysaccharides with distinctive properties, which may translate into the development of novel biomaterials or active drugs. Therefore, microorganisms represent a still underexplored source of products that, given the current research interest in their study, will surely translate into high‐value novel products, particularly for the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the Unidade de Ciências Biomoleculares Aplicadas (UCIBIO), which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UID/Multi/04378/2019). Diana Araújo and Patrícia Concórdio‐Reis acknowledge FCT/MCTES for fellowships SFRH/BD/140829/2018 and SFRH/BD/131947/2017, respectively.
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