An Introduction to Molecular Biotechnology. Группа авторовЧитать онлайн книгу.
with thick lignified secondary walls
Ground meristem
Primary meristem (growth of ground tissue)
Vascular tissue
Phloem
Transport of synthesized nutrients (sucrose, amino acids) to roots, stems, and fruits
Sieve tube element
Living cell without nucleus and ribosomes, sieve plates between neighboring sieve cells
Companion cell
Exchange of substances with sieve tube elements
Xylem
Transport of water and inorganic ions
Tracheids
Long tubular system consisting of dead cells (sclerenchyma)
Vessel elements
Lignified secondary walls with pits, surrounded by living xylem parenchyma
Procambium
Primary meristem (growth of vascular tissue)
B. Animal cells
The human body contains more than 200 cell types and 4 types of tissues (epithelia, connective tissue, nerves, and muscles)
Embryonic stem cell
Omnipotent cell that can differentiate into all other cell types
Epithelia
Intestinal cells
Prismatic epithelial cells, secretion of digestive juices, and absorption of nutrients
Ciliated epithelium
Prismatic epithelial cells, secretion and absorption, transport of mucus (bronchial epithelium)
Glandular cells
Cubic epithelial cells in glands and kidney tubules, main function secretion
Endothelial cells
Simple squamous epithelium inside blood vessels
Connective tissue
Fibroblast
Production of proteins for the extracellular network, including collagen and elastin and many other proteins
Osteoblast
Bone‐producing cell
Chondrocyte
Cartilage production, secretion of collagen and chondroitin sulfate
Adipocyte
Production and storage of fat in fat tissue
Mast cells
Storage and release of histamine
Blood
Hematopoietic stem cell
Precursor cell of all other blood cells
Erythrocyte
Oxygen and CO2 transport through hemoglobin
Platelet
Blood coagulation
Lymphocyte
Specificity and diversity of immune response
T cells
T helper cells (Th) recognize antigens and activate B cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Tc cells recognize antigens and attack infected cells
B cells
Form antibody‐secreting plasma cells
Monocytes
Migrate to infection foci and mature into macrophages, devouring bacteria and debris
Granulocytes (leucocytes)
Neutrophilic granulocytes
Phagocytize bacteria
Eosinophilic granulocytes
Destroy parasites, important in allergies
Basophilic granulocytes
Release histamines in some immune reactions
Natural killer cells
Destroy infected body cells and tumor cells
Nerve tissue
Neuron
Reception, storage, and transport of information
Glial cell
Supporting the structure and metabolism of neurons
Schwann cell
Forming a myelin sheath around the axons of the peripheral nervous system
Oligodendrocyte
Forming a myelin sheath around the axons of the central nervous system (CNS)
Astrocyte
Large glial cells that give structural and metabolic support to neurons are crucial for the blood–brain barrier
Sensory cells
Mechanoreceptor cells
Cells containing mechanoreceptors that are sensitive to pressure, touch, stretching, movement, and sound
Hair cells
Cells (in the ear of vertebrates, in the side lines of fish) with mechanoreceptors that pick up movement in relation to their surroundings and sounds
Pain receptor cells
Cells containing nociceptors; free nerve endings (dendrites), e.g. in the epidermis. Nociceptors react to heat, pressure, and irritants and are sensitized by prostaglandins
Temperature receptor cells
Cells containing thermoreceptors that gauge the temperature
Taste receptor cells
Cells containing chemical and taste receptors. They can distinguish the categories sweet, sour, salty, and bitter
Smell receptor cells
Cells containing smell receptors
Light receptor cells
In the retina of vertebrae, cones and rods serve as photoreceptors
Muscles
Striated muscle cell
Rapid and forceful contractions (skeletal muscle), controlled via the somatic nervous system
