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target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_f32ef49f-f80f-5bd9-b4d5-d40fbb6bafa9">Table 6.2 Systematic classification of the land plants.
| Subdivision | Class |
|---|---|
| Sporophyte (spore‐bearing plants) | |
| Moss plants | Marchantiophyta (Marchantiopsida, liverwort) |
| Anthocerotophyta (Anthoceratopsida, hornwort) | |
| Bryophyta (Bryopsida, moss) | |
| Lycophytes (club mosses) | Lycopodiophyta (Lycopodiopsida, lycopod) |
| Pteridophyta (Euphyllophytes; fern and other seedless vascular plants) | Psilotophyta (Psilotopsida, whisk fern), Sphenophyta (Equisetopsida, horsetail) |
| Filicophyta (Filicopsida, fern) | |
| Spermatophyta (seed‐bearing plants) | |
| Gymnospermae (naked seed plants) | Ginkgophyta (Ginkgopsida, Ginkgo plant) |
| Cycadophyta (Cycadopsida, palm fern) | |
| Gnetophyta (Gnetopsida, joint‐fir family) | |
| Pinophyta (Pinopsida, conifers) | |
| Angiospermae (flowering plants) | Magnoliophyta (Magnoliopsida) |
| (Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum) |
Important model organisms are given in bold.
Figure 6.3 Phylogeny of land plants.
Table 6.3 Systematic classification of multicellular animals (important phyla).
| Category | Phylum | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Parazoa | Porifera (sponges) | Simple multicellular animals with choanocytes that can take up bacteria by phagocytosis; cells that are mostly totipotent |
| Radiata | Cnidaria (anemones and jelly fish) (Hydra) | Stinging cells (cnidocytes) with nematocysts; developed gastrovascular system (gastric space with mouth, without anus) |
| Ctenophora (comb jellies) | Adhesive cells (colloblasts) to catch prey; eight rows of fused cilia; gastrovascular system | |
| Bilateria | ||
| Protostomia | ||
| Lophotrochozoa (150 000 species) | With lophophore and trochophore larvae | |
| Platyhelminthes (flatworms) | Dorsoventrally flattened; unsegmented; no coelom | |
| Rotifera (rotifers) | Pseudocoele with digestive tract; rotary organ; without circulatory system | |
| Ectoprocta/Bryozoa (moss animals) | With coelom; with ciliated tentacles (lophophore) for uptake of nutrients; colonial | |
| Nemertea (ribbon worms) | Coelom‐like structure for storing proboscis; closed circulatory system with blood vessels; digestive tract with mouth and anus | |
| Mollusca (mollusks) | With small coelom; three body parts: foot, visceral mass, mantle; head often reduced | |
| Annelida (segmented worms) | With small coelom and epitheliomuscular tube; segmented body and segment specialization | |
| Ecdysozoa (>1 million species) | ||
| Nematoda (roundworms) (Caenorhabditis elegans) | Cylindrical, unsegmented pseudocoelomates; complete digestive tract without circulatory system | |
| Arthropoda | With coelom and segmented body, jointed appendages; ectodermal exoskeleton | |
| Chelicerata (Arachnida) | ||
| Myriapoda | ||
| (millipedes and centipedes) | ||
| Hexapoda (insects) | ||
| (Drosophila melanogaster) | ||
| Crustaceae (crustaceans) | ||
| Deuterostomia (60 000 species) | ||
| Echinodermata (echinoderm) (starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber) | With coelom; larvae with bilateral symmetry; adult animals with radial symmetry; ambulacral system; mesodermal endoskeleton | |
| Hemichordata | With coelom and trimeric abdominal cavity; reduced chorda; branchial gut (pharyngeal gill) | |
|
Chordata |