Испанский язык. Устные темы (A1-A2) 2-е изд., пер. и доп. Учебное пособие для академического бакалавриата. Анна Игоревна КомароваЧитать онлайн книгу.
of fuel waste and, as a result, the number of working personnel used in the use of hydroelectric power plants will be approximately 12-15 times less than the number of working personnel at alternative facilities. The high economic efficiency of hydropower is due to the lack of a fuel component of electricity, slow wear of fixed assets, relatively low cost of wages, and the perfection of the technological process.
Integrated use of water resources. In the hydropower industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the reconstruction of transport routes in river networks, irrigation, industrial and municipal water supply and the development of fisheries are of great importance due to the reduction of the risk of major floods.
Integrated waterworks make a great contribution to solving the transport problem.
Reservoirs that appear during the construction of hydroelectric power plants lead to the fact that large areas of land are covered with water. Hydroelectric power plants account for a total of 1.2 million tons of destructive floods in the republic. close to hectares, with advanced development, multi-million residents help to reliably protect residential areas, as well as solve complex social and environmental problems.
1. Environmental problems
Reducing air pollution, especially carbon oxides, and preventing the "greenhouse effect" on the planet have become one of the problems of universal scale. The Republic of Uzbekistan also contributes to their resolution. One of the ways to reduce emissions in the energy sector is to develop areas without carbon fuels. Hydropower is an absolutely clean direction in this regard. In 2020, the electricity generated by hydroelectric power plants allowed to reduce electricity emissions by a quarter.
The technological process of hydropower production is environmentally hooligan. In the normal condition of the equipment, hydroelectric power plants practically do not emit harmful emissions into the environment. At the same time, the construction of hydropower facilities, in turn, will not show its impact on the environment.
During the construction of hydropower facilities, there is a complex impact on the environment. Reservoirs have the most serious effect – their appearance affects the ecological balance of soils and biocenoses. The effects shown can be both positive and negative.
The impact of reservoirs on the environment depends on their geographical location and categories (mountainous, foothill, plain), geological structure and hydrogeological determination of their banks with a channel, area, shape of appearance, size, depth of water discharge, system of use and other conditions.
As a result of the positive influence of reservoirs as flow coordinators, it becomes important to prevent water shortages for agricultural crops in the summer.
With the activation of natural processes in certain areas of the territories adjacent to them, after the creation of reservoirs, recreational changes occur in the landscapes, recreational zones and ecotourism are formed.
It is possible to list the following other aspects of the impact of reservoirs on the environment.
Floods in the upper part. In flooded areas, there is an increase in the groundwater level, and as a result, the land becomes swampy and unsuitable for agricultural use.
Changes in coastal forms the process of coordinating the flow and the rise and fall of water levels in the reservoir, which occur with this ratio, cause changes in the shape of the bottom with the coastal relief, which, in turn, reduces the size of the reservoir, leading to the accumulation of various rocks in it, the appearance of underwater shoals and the appearance of
Hydrological system. The process of reservoir construction and coordination of the water flow itself in the upper and lower parts of the basins causes changes in the gm hydrological system. Due to the expansion of the window area of the water surface, the volume of water evaporation increases sharply, resulting in the consumption of non-returnable water from the river. The hydrological system of the river is changing.
Climatic conditions. Changes in the flow of water and air, the appearance of waterlogged soils, shallow areas, well warmed by the sun at a depth of 1-1.5 m of reservoirs, create specific climatic conditions.
The influence of reservoirs on fauna (wildlife). All animals in the flood zone migrate to the territory marked by a high level. At the same time, their species composition and number are reduced in accordance with the rule. In some cases, reservoirs are the reason for the enrichment of fauna with new species of birds swimming in the water, fish and flora adapted to wet conditions.
Impact on the fish farm. It should be noted the following, namely:
The construction of a hydroelectric dam prevents the movement of fish to natural mating sites, in some cases fish-breeding devices do not always work satisfactorily;
the requirements that fishing imposes on the watercourse system turn out to be completely opposite to the tasks of coordinating flows, that is, the purpose of creating a reservoir – during the spring flood, shallow areas of the basin are drained at an earlier discharge of water, which negatively affects the mating of fish in the upper part of the reservoir daily
In order to create optimal conditions for fish mating, the transfer of water to the lower part of the pool is carried out subject to strict compliance with the requirements of fishing. In cases where it is possible to prevent damage, it is planned to build compensatory (covering) fish farming facilities (fish hatcheries, spawning farms).
It would be wrong to assume that all the impacts of reservoirs on the environment (in fact, in much greater numbers than those considered in Buer) will only be negative. Usually, each of them will have a set of positive properties, both negative and not so much.
Thus, it is also wrong to think that all forms of reservoir outcrops are inevitable and natural defects of hydraulic engineering. Many of these effects manifest themselves in the practice of creating and using reservoirs and turn out to be the consequences of incorrect design of objects or violation of the rules for the use of gyroscopes in general. For example, the harmful effects of reservoirs on fishing can be eliminated at a significant level by properly designing reservoirs and observing the appropriate level of their use.
Nature protection measures. When designing hydropower facilities, it is necessary to ensure that the damage to nature is at the lowest possible level. In order to control and timely prevent environmental pollution at the HPP, the following observations were established, namely:
· by draining and removing process oils;
· with the quality of the water to be disposed of after use;
· with ledges of elegaz puddles in complex switchgear.
In addition, taking into account the characteristics of large reservoirs with a complex and energy purpose, the following observations are carried out in them:
* Meteorological;
* hydrochemical;
· hydrobiological, including ichthyological observations.
According to the results of observations, the caretakers receive information about the necessary environmental measures.
When creating reservoirs, their water protection zone is assumed, protective forest plantations and reforestation measures are planned on the same territory. Contamination of the water protection zone by water flows into the reservoir prevents the ingress of substances.
Based on specially conducted scientific research, GES projects included the following extensive set of measures to protect flora and fauna, including:
· restoration of forests instead of flooded woodlands, relocation of rare, relict and Red-listed plants from flooded areas;
* cultivation of valuable varieties in crop rotation; introduction of a system of special permits that do not allow the basin to build up its lower part;
* moving to catch valuable animal species from flooded areas;
* creation of livestock farms and livestock farms for breeding animals; Organization of protective and reserve zones; construction of fishing, fish-breeding and compensation facilities.
LITERATURE
1. Orgo V. M. Fundamentals of designing