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Reproduced with permission from Isaka et al. [28].Figure 12.12 TEM images of (a,c) MIL‐125‐NH2 and (b,d) MIL‐125‐R7 (a,b) before and (c,d) after three hours of photoirradiation (λ > 420 nm) reaction in the two‐phase system composed of benzyl alcohol (5.0 ml) and water (2.0 ml). Source: Reproduced with permission from Isaka et al. [28].Figure 12.13 TG‐DTA measurement of (a,b) MIL‐125‐NH2, (c,d) MIL‐125‐R4, and (e,f) MIL‐125‐R7. Chemical structures of linkers in (g) MIL‐125‐NH2, alkylated linker in (h) MIL‐125‐R4, and (i) MIL‐125‐R7. Source: Isaka et al. [28]. © 2019, John Wiley & Sons.Figure 12.14 (a) Water adsorption isotherms at 298 K for MIL‐125‐NH2, MIL‐125‐R4, and MIL‐125‐R7. The water contact angles of (b) MIL‐125‐NH2, (c) MIL‐125‐R4, and (d) MIL‐125‐R7. Source: (a) Isaka et al. [28]. © 2019, John Wiley & Sons; (b–d) Reproduced with permission from Isaka et al. [28].Figure 12.15 (a) Digital photograph of MIL‐125‐NH2 (left) and MIL‐125‐R7 (right) dispersed into the two‐phase system; aqueous phase (2.0 ml) was observed on top of the benzyl alcohol phase (5.0 ml). (b) Time courses of H2O2 production under photoirradiation (λ > 420 nm) in the two‐phase system catalyzed by 5.0 mg of catalysts. Source: (a) Reproduced with permission from Isaka et al. [28]; (b) Isaka et al. [28]. © 2019, John Wiley & Sons.Figure 12.16 Time courses of benzaldehyde formation under photoirradiation (λ > 420 nm) of the two‐phase system composed of benzyl alcohol (5.0 ml) and water (2.0 ml) catalyzed by 5.0 mg of catalysts. Source: Isaka et al. [28]. © 2019, John Wiley & Sons.Figure 12.17 XRD patterns of MIL‐125‐NH2 and MIL‐125‐R7 after three hours of photoirradiation (λ > 420 nm) reaction in the two‐phase system composed of benzyl alcohol (5.0 ml) and water (2.0 ml). Source: Isaka et al. [28]. © 2019, John Wiley & Sons.Figure 12.18 Recycling tests of H2O2 production under photoirradiation (λ > 420 nm) of the two‐phase system composed of benzyl alcohol (10.0 ml) and water (4.0 ml) catalyzed by 10.0 mg of MIL‐125‐NH2 (blue) and MIL‐125‐R7 (orange). Source: Isaka et al. [28]. © 2019, John Wiley & Sons.Figure 12.19 (a) Time courses of H2O2 production under photoirradiation (λ > 420 nm) of the two‐phase system composed of benzyl alcohol (5.0 ml) and water (2.0, 5.0, and 10.0 ml) catalyzed by 5.0 mg of MIL‐125‐R7. (b) Time courses of H2O2 production under photoirradiation (λ > 420 nm) of the two‐phase system composed of benzyl alcohol (5.0 ml) and water (2.0 ml) at different pH values (0.3, 1.3, 2.1, and 6.7) catalyzed by 5.0 mg of MIL‐125‐R7. (c) Time courses of H2O2 production under photoirradiation (λ > 420 nm) of the two‐phase system composed of benzyl alcohol (5.0 ml) and an aqueous phase (2.0 ml, deionized water or saturated NaCl aqueous solution) catalyzed by 5.0 mg MIL‐125‐R7. Source: Isaka et al. [28]. © 2019, John Wiley & Sons.Figure 12.20 N2 adsorption isotherms at 77 K for MIL‐125‐NH2, MIL‐125‐R4, and MIL‐125‐R7. Source: Isaka et al. [28]. © 2019, John Wiley & Sons.Figure 12.21 Photocatalytic H2O2 production with (a) linker‐alkylated MOF: MIL‐125‐R7 and (b) cluster‐alkylated MOF: OPA/MIL‐125‐NH2. Source: Kawase et al. [31]. © 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.Figure 12.22 (a) XRD patterns and (b) UV–vis DRS of MIL‐125‐NH2 and OPA/MIL‐125‐NH2. Source: Kawase et al. [31]. © 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.Figure 12.23 N2 adsorption isotherms at 77 K for MIL‐125‐NH2 and OPA/MIL‐125‐NH2. Source: Kawase et al. [31]. © 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.Figure 12.24 (a) TG and (b) DTA profiles of OPA/MIL‐125‐NH2. (c) Chemical structures of alkylated clusters in OPA/MIL‐125‐NH2. Source: Kawase et al. [31]. © 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.Figure 12.25 FTIR spectra of (a) MIL‐125‐NH2, OPA/MIL‐125‐NH2, and (b) OPA. Source: Kawase et al. [31]. © 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.Figure 12.26 (a) XPS spectra of Ti 2p in MIL‐125‐NH2 and OPA/MIL‐125‐NH2. (b) XPS spectra of P 2p in MIL‐125‐NH2 and OPA/MIL‐125‐NH2 before and after etching. Source: Kawase et al. [31]. © 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.Figure 12.27 (a) Water contact angle of OPA/MIL‐125‐NH2. (b) Time courses of H2O2 production of OPA/MIL‐125‐NH2 under photoirradiation (λ > 420 nm) in the two‐phase system. Source: (a) Kawase et al. [31]. © 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry; (b) Reproduced with permission from Kawase et al. [31].Figure 12.28 Time courses of benzaldehyde production of OPA/MIL‐125‐NH2 under photoirradiation (λ > 420 nm) in the two‐phase system. Source: Kawase et al. [31]. © 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.Figure 12.29 Time courses of H2O2 production under photoirradiation (λ > 420 nm) of a single‐phase system composed of an acetonitrile solution (5.0 ml) of BA (1.0 ml) catalyzed by 5.0 mg of catalysts. Source: Kawase et al. [31]. © 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.Figure 12.30 Recycling tests of MIL‐125‐NH2, MIL‐125‐R7, and OPA/MIL‐125‐NH2. Source: Kawase et al. [31]. © 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.Figure 12.31 XRD patterns of OPA/MIL‐125‐NH2 before and after reaction. Source: Kawase et al. [31]. © 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.Figure 12.32 N2 adsorption isotherms at 77 K for OPA/MIL‐125‐NH2 before and after the reaction. Source: Kawase et al. [31]. © 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry.
12 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 (a) The kinetic progress of methaneactivation on thermocatalysis and photocatalysis methods, (b) reaction mechanism of photocatalysis, and (c) reaction mechanism of photoelectrochemical catalysis. Source: Song et al. [2].Figure 13.2 (a–d) Photoexcitation and subsequent relaxation processes following the illumination of a metal nanoparticle with a laser pulse and characteristic time scales. Source: Brongersma et al. [28]Figure 13.3 (A) Schematic (a) a conventional vacuum line equipped with pressure gage; (b) joint; (c) small hole for thermo‐couple; (d) catalyst bed; (e) UV‐reflection mirror; (f) Xe lamp. drawing of the fixed bed photo‐reactor. Source: Yoshida et al. [46]Figure 13.4 (a) Difference on activation energy between photocatalysis and thermocatalysis. Source: Chen et al. [5], licensed under CC BY 4.0Figure 13.5 (a) Proposed mechanisms of photooxidation of CH4 on TiO2. Source: Li et al. [26] © 2018, American chemical society
13 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Composition of biomass.Figure 14.2 (a) Reaction process images, quantification, and distribution of products obtained from the photocatalytic depolymerization of birch lignin. (b) Proposed mechanism for β‐O‐4 bond cleavage in the photocatalytic conversion of lignin over the Zn4In2S7 catalyst. Source: Reprinted with permission from Lin et al. [27].Figure 14.3 Photographs taken before (a) and after (b) precipitation of lignin during photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of 500 ppm lignin at different times, (c) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of lignin and modified lignin, and (d) intermediates analyzed using HPLC. Source: Reprinted with permission from Tian et al. [48].Figure 14.4 Illustration of experimental reactor used for photoreforming cellulose to hydrogen via combined photocatalysis and acid hydrolysis. Source: Zou et al. [56].Figure 14.5 Photothermally promoted cleavage of β‐1,4‐glycosidic bonds of cellulose on Ir/HY catalyst. Source: Reprinted with permission from Zhang et al. [57].Figure 14.6 Schematic representation of the photocatalytic system for the H2 evolution by water splitting over irradiated Pt/TiO2 in the presence of cellulose as the sacrificial agent. Source: Speltini et al. [62], licensed under CC BY 3.0.Figure 14.7 Photocatalytic H2 production using activated NCNCNx (5 mg) and Ni bis(diphosphine) (NiP) (50 nmol) with purified lignocellulose components (100 mg) in potassium phosphate (KPi) solution (0.1 M, pH 4.5, 3 ml) under AM 1.5 G irradiation for 24 hours at 25 °C. Source: Kasap et al. [68].Figure 14.8 Schematic illustration of the lignocellulose structure and photocatalytic valorization of native lignin. Source: Reprinted with permission from Wu et al. [70].Figure 14.9 (a) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of sample Bi2WO6; (b) Time‐online photocatalytic performance toward selective oxidation of glycerol to DHA over Bi2WO6. Source: (a) Reprinted with permission from Zhang et al. [74]; (b) Zhang et al. [74].Figure 14.10 A simple solar‐induced hybrid direct glycerol fuel cell consists of a Pt cathode, a Na‐Pi buffer electrolyte with glycerol as fuel and NiPi/Pi–Fe2O3 as a photoanode, and the possible photo‐generated charging process of glycerol process of glycerol