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of (a) W:BiVO4 and (b) pTTh films. (c) The energy level diagram of the dual‐photoelectrode PFC. Source: (a, b) Modified with permission from Zhang et al. [36]; (c) Zhang et al. [36].Figure 14.12 Schematic configuration and electron transfer processes of PEC glucose/glucose fuel cell employing TiO2/ITO photoanode and ITO cathode upon incorporation of UV light and MB. Insets show SEM images of TiO2/ITO and structures of MB and LMB. Source: Zhao et al. [104].Figure 14.13 A plausible reaction mechanism of PEC selective aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohols. Source: Zhang et al. [112].Figure 14.14 A photoelectrochemical cell for HMF reduction. Inset is the SEM image showing the surface morphologies of Aggd. Source: (a) Roylance et al. [116]; (b) Reprinted with permission from Roylance et al. [116].
14 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Schematic illustration of electron–hole pair generation in a semiconductor upon light irradiation. Possible pathways are labeled in 1– 4, where 1, reduction; 2, oxidation; 3, volume recombination; and 4, surface recombination; A, electron acceptor, and B, electron donor. Source: Linsebigler et al. [4].Figure 15.2 Schematic illustration of different photocatalytic water splitting systems. (a) One‐step photoexcitation or single‐component photocatalytic system. (b) Photocatalytic system with type‐II heterojunction. (c) Two‐step photoexcitation or Z‐scheme photocatalytic system. Source: Chen et al. [6].Figure 15.3 Possible configurations of CO2 absorption on the surface of photocatalysts. Source: Liu et al. [12].Figure 15.4 Bandgap energies and the band edge positions of some commonly reported photocatalysts as well as the products derived from photocatalytic CO2 reduction with reference to normal hydrogen electrode (NHE). Source: Tu et al. [10].Figure 15.5 (a) Photoanode–HEC cathode, (b) photocathode–OEC anode, (c) photoanode–photocathode tandem cell, and (d) photoanode–photovoltaic (PEC‐PV) tandem cell. Source: Kim et al. [1].Figure 15.6 Schematic illustration of side‐irradiated water splitting reactor. Source: Takata et al. [23].Figure 15.7 Schematic illustration of top‐irradiated water splitting reactor. Source: Kudo et al. [25].Figure 15.8 (a) Schematic illustrations of inner‐irradiated reactor in lab scale. Source: Wei et al. [27].Figure 15.9 Schematic illustration of a twin photo‐reactor system. Source: Sasaki et al. [29].Figure 15.10 Schematic illustration of photocatalytic water splitting panel. Source: (a) Reproduced with permission Goto et al. [30]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier; (b) Goto et al. [30].Figure 15.11 Schematic illustration of (a) slurry reactor, (b) internally illuminated reactor, and (c) optical fiber reactor. Source: Ola et al. [35], licensed under CC BY 4.0.Figure 15.12 Schematic diagram of photocatalytic CO2 reduction in a continuous gas flow fixed bed reactor. Source: Kong et al. [7].Figure 15.13 Schematic diagram of PEC water splitting system in the configuration of (a) n‐type photoanode‐HEC and (b) p‐type photocathode‐OEC. Source: Ahmed et al. [40].Figure 15.14 Schematic diagram of PEC water splitting devices: (a) with membrane and (b) without membrane. (c) Photograph of an integrated membrane‐free device with internal wiring. Source: Reproduced with permission Jin et al. [41]. Copyright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry.Figure 15.15 Schematic diagram of PEC CO2 reduction system. Source: Cheng et al. [42].Figure 15.16 Large‐scale reactor for photocatalytic H2 production containing immobilized Pt/g‐C3N4 working under natural sunlight. Source: Reproduced with permission Schröder et al. [43]. Copyright 2015, Wiley.Figure 15.17 (a) Schematic illustration of synthesis protocol of SrTiO3:La,Rh/Au/BiVO4:Mo Z‐scheme photocatalyst sheets using particle transfer method. (b) Electron transfer mechanism of SrTiO3:La,Rh/Au/BiVO4:Mo Z‐scheme system. (c) Photograph of the ink used for screen printing and the corresponding printed photocatalyst sheets. Source: (a, c) Reproduced with permission Wang et al. [30]. Copyright 2016, Nature Publishing Group; (b) Wang et al. [30].Figure 15.18 (a) False‐colored SEM image of Si/TiO2 nanotree arrays photocatalyst sheets. (b) Photographs of Si/TiO2 photocatalyst sheets. (c) Charge transfer mechanism in Si/TiO2 photocatalyst sheets. Source: Reproduced with permission Liu et al. [44]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society.Figure 15.19 (a) Wired PEC cell and monolithic wireless cell of Co‐Bi/3jn a‐Si/NiMoZn system. Source: Reece et al. [45]. Copyright 2011, American Association for the Advancement of Science.Figure 15.20 (a) SrTiO3‐based artificial leaf with CuxO as HER co‐catalysts and CoPi as OER co‐catalysts. Source: Reproduced with permission Chen et al. [48]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.
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