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P2Y12 receptor blockers Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors Anticoagulants Indirect thrombin inhibitors Low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) Pentasaccharides: Fondaparinux Direct thrombin inhibitors: bivalirudin, argatroban, dabigatran Vitamin K dependent oral anticoagulants Non‐vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) Idarucizumab Andexanet Alfa Disclosures References
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PART III: Hypertension and Structural Heart Disease
SECTION I: Systemic and Pulmonary Hypertension
CHAPTER 47: Right Heart Catheterization and Pulmonary Hemodynamics
Balloon‐tipped pulmonary artery catheter (PAC)
Patient preparation, venous access, and technique
Pulmonary hemodynamics
Pharmacologic drug testing
Cardiac tamponade
Constrictive pericarditis
Permanent PA–pressure monitoring
References
CHAPTER 48: Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism
Risk stratification and patient selection
Therapies for acute PE
Medical therapy
Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 49: Renal Denervation for Resistant Hypertension
Resistant hypertension
Rationale of targeting the renal sympathetic nervous system
Surgical sympathetic denervation
Percutaneous denervation
The procedure
The future
Renal denervation beyond hypertension
References
SECTION II: Structural Heart Interventions
CHAPTER 50: Antithrombotic Strategies in Valvular and Structural Heart Disease Interventions
Rationale for antithrombotic therapy post‐TAVR
Anti‐thrombotic strategies in the periprocedural period
Anti‐thrombotic strategies in transcatheter‐based mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonic valve interventions
Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 51: Alcohol Septal Ablation for Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy
Introduction
Selection of patients
Mechanisms of treatment efficacy
The technique
Treatment efficacy
Adverse events
Future directions
Conclusions
References
CHAPTER 52: Left Atrial Appendage Exclusion
Indications for LAA exclusion
Endocardial devices: design and technical details
Procedural aspects for implantation
The Lariat system: a combined endocardial–epicardial approach
Post‐implantation consideration and follow‐up
References
CHAPTER 53: Cryptogenic Stroke, Patent Foramen Ovale, and ASD Closure
Types of ASD and PFO
Cryptogenic stroke and its relation to PFO
Atrial septal defect
Closure of ASD and PFO
Contraindications to ASD and PFO closure
Technique
ASD and PFO closure procedure
ASD sizing
ASD device selection
PFO device selection
Device delivery
Completing the procedure
Adverse events
Aftercare
Future directions
References
CHAPTER 54: Paravalvular Leak Closure and Ventricular Septal Defect Closure
Transcatheter